Appendix (part 2 of 2) | Soap-Making Manual

*Quantities of Alkali Required for Saponification of Fats of Average Molecular Weight 670

(Cocoanut Oil, Palmkernel Oil)

Kilos	Liters Alkali Solution Sp. Gr. 1.1		Liters Alkali Solution Sp. Gr. 1.2		Liters Alkali Solution Sp. Gr. 1.3		Liters Alkali Solution Sp. Gr. 1.355
	NaOH	KOH	NaOH	KOH	NaOH	KOH	NaOH	KOH
1000	1875.83	1902.99	844.67	930.35	510.27	622.71	409.61	517.97
2000	3751.66	3805.97	1689.35	1860.70	1020.64	1245.41	819.21	1035.95
3000	5627.50	5708.96	2534.02	2791.04	1530.81	1868.12	1228.82	1553.92
4000	7508.33	7611.94	3378.69	3721.39	2041.01	2490.83	1638.43	2071.90
5000	9379.16	9514.93	4223.37	4651.74	2551.35	3113.54	2048.04	2589.87
6000	11254.99	11417.91	5068.04	5582.09	3061.61	3736.24	2457.65	3107.84
7000	13130.82	13320.90	5912.71	6512.44	3571.88	4358.95	2867.26	3625.82
8000	15006.66	15223.88	6757.38	7442.78	4082.15	4981.66	3276.86	4143.79
9000	16882.49	17126.87	7602.06	8373.13	4592.42	5604.36	3886.47	4661.77
10000	18758.32	19029.85	8446.73	9303.48	5102.69	6227.02	4096.08	5179.74

*Quantities of Alkali Required for Saponification of Fats of Average Molecular Weight 860

(Tallow, Cottonseed Oil, Olive Oil, Etc.)

Kilos	Liters Alkali Solution Sp. Gr. 1.1		Liters Alkali Solution Sp. Gr. 1.2		Liters Alkali Solution Sp. Gr. 1.3		Liters Alkali Solution Sp. Gr. 1.355
	NaOH	KOH	NaOH	KOH	NaOH	KOH	NaOH	KOH
1000	1461.40	1482.56	658.05	724.81	397.54	485.13	319.11	403.54
2000	2922.81	2965.12	1316.12	1449.61	795.07	970.27	638.23	807.08
3000	4384.21	4447.67	1974.18	2174.42	1192.61	1455.40	957.34	1210.61
4000	5845.62	5930.23	2632.24	2899.22	1590.14	1940.53	1276.45	1614.15
5000	7307.02	7412.79	3290.80	3624.03	1987.68	2425.67	1595.57	2017.69
6000	8768.42	8895.85	3948.35	4348.84	2385.21	2910.80	1914.68	2421.23
7000	10229.83	10377.91	4606.41	5073.64	2782.75	3395.93	2233.79	2824.77
8000	11691.23	11860.45	5264.47	5798.45	3180.28	3881.06	2552.90	3228.30
9000	13152.64	13343.02	5922.53	6523.25	3577.82	4366.20	2872.02	3631.84
10000	14614.04	14825.58	6580.59	7248.06	3975.35	4851.33	3191.13	4035.38

DENSITY AND STRENGTH OF SULPHURIC ACID (SIDERSKY).

Degrees Twaddell.	Sp. Gr. at 15° C.	% of pure acid (H₂SO₄).	Equivalent (in cc.) of a kilo of pure acid.	Equivalent (in cc.) of a liter of pure acid.
1	1.007	1.9	52.620	96.930
3	1.014	2.8	35.710	66.450
4	1.022	3.8	25.650	47.230
6	1.029	4.8	20.410	37.582
8	1.037	5.8	16.670	30.690
9	1.045	6.8	14.085	25.938
10	1.052	7.8	12.198	22.460
12	1.062	8.8	10.755	19.803
13	1.067	9.8	9.524	17.540
15	1.075	10.9	8.547	15.740
17	1.083	11.9	7.752	14.278
18	1.091	13.0	7.042	12.969
20	1.100	14.1	6.452	11.882
22	1.108	15.2	5.953	10.962
23	1.116	16.2	5.526	10.177
25	1.125	17.3	5.405	9.954
27	1.134	18.5	4.76	8.770
29	1.142	19.6	4.465	8.223
30	1.152	20.8	4.184	7.723
32	1.162	22.2	3.876	7.138
34	1.171	23.3	3.663	6.745
36	1.180	24.5	3.541	6.521
38	1.190	25.8	3.258	5.999
40	1.200	27.1	3.077	5.666
42	1.210	28.4	2.907	5.353
44	1.220	29.6	2.770	5.102
46	1.231	31.0	2.618	4.865
48	1.241	32.2	2.500	4.604
50	1.252	33.4	2.392	4.406
53	1.263	34.7	2.283	4.205
55	1.274	36.0	2.179	4.012
57	1.285	37.4	2.079	3.829
60	1.297	38.8	1.988	3.661
62	1.308	40.2	1.905	3.508
64	1.320	41.6	1.821	3.354
66	1.332	43.0	1.745	3.214
69	1.345	44.4	1.665	3.085
71	1.357	45.5	1.621	2.985
74	1.370	46.9	1.558	2.869
77	1.383	48.3	1.497	2.757
80	1.397	49.8	1.436	2.646
82	1.410	51.2	1.386	2.551
85	1.424	52.6	1.335	2.459
88	1.438	54.0	1.287	2.370
91	1.453	55.4	1.237	2.270
94	1.468	56.9	1.195	2.200
97	1.483	58.3	1.156	2.130
100	1.498	59.6	1.116	2.050
103	1.514	61.0	1.080	1.980
106	1.530	62.5	1.045	1.930
108	1.540	64.0	1.010	1.860
113	1.563	65.5	0.975	1.800
116	1.580	67.0	0.950	1.740
120	1.597	68.6	0.917	1.690
123	1.615	70.0	0.888	1.630
127	1.634	71.6	0.855	1.570
130	1.652	73.2	0.845	1.520
134	1.671	74.7	0.800	1.470
138	1.691	76.4	0.774	1.430
142	1.711	78.1	0.749	1.390
146	1.732	79.9	0.722	1.320
151	1.753	81.7	0.705	1.280
155	1.774	84.1	0.672	1.235
160	1.798	86.5	0.639	1.190
164	1.819	89.7	0.609	1.120
168	1.842	100.0	0.544	1.000

*Densities of Potassium Carbonate Solutions at 15 C (Gerlach)

Sp. Gr.	Per cent of pure K₂CO₃
1.00914	1
1.01829	2
1.02743	3
1.03658	4
1.04572	5
1.05513	6
1.06454	7
1.07396	8
1.08337	9
1.09278	10
1.10258	11
1.11238	12
1.12219	13
1.13199	14
1.14179	15
1.15200	16
1.16222	17
1.17243	18
1.18265	19
1.19286	20
1.20344	21
1.21402	22
1.22459	23
1.23517	24
1.24575	25
1.25681	26
1.26787	27
1.27893	28
1.28999	29
1.30105	30
1.31261	31
1.32417	32
1.33573	33
1.34729	34
1.35885	35
1.37082	36
1.38279	37
1.39476	38
1.40673	39
1.41870	40
1.43104	41
1.44338	42
1.45573	43
1.46807	44
1.48041	45
1.49314	46
1.50588	47
1.51861	48
1.53135	49
1.54408	50
1.55728	51
1.57048	52
1.57079	53.024

*Constants of Certain Fatty Acids and Triglycerides

Triglycerides of			Per cent Yield
Triglycerides of	Mol. Wt. of Fatty Acid	Mol. Wt. of Triglycerides	Fatty Acid	Glycerine
Stearic Acid	284	890	95.73	10.34
Oleic Acid	282	884	95.70	10.41
Margaric Acid	270	848	95.52	10.85
Palmitic Acid	256	806	95.28	11.42
Myristic Acid	228	722	94.47	12.74
Lauric Acid	200	638	94.04	14.42
Capric Acid	172	594	93.14	15.48
Caproic Acid	116	386	90.16	23.83
Butyric Acid	88	302	87.41	30.46

PERCENTAGES OF SOLID CAUSTIC SODA AND CAUSTIC POTASH IN CAUSTIC LYES ACCORDING TO BAUME SCALE.

Degrees Baumé.	% NaOH	% KOH
1	0.61	0.90
2	0.93	1.70
3	2.00	2.60
4	2.71	3.50
5	3.35	4.50
6	4.00	5.60
7	4.556	6.286
8	5.29	7.40
9	5.87	8.20
10	6.55	9.20
11	7.31	10.10
12	8.00	10.90
13	8.68	12.00
14	9.42	12.90
15	10.06	13.80
16	10.97	14.80
17	11.84	15.70
18	12.64	16.50
19	13.55	17.60
20	14.37	18.60
21	15.13	19.50
22	15.91	20.50
23	16.77	21.40
24	17.67	22.50
25	18.58	23.30
26	19.58	24.20
27	20.59	25.10
28	21.42	26.10
29	22.64	27.00
30	23.67	28.00
31	24.81	28.90
32	25.80	29.80
33	26.83	30.70
34	27.80	31.80
35	28.83	32.70
36	29.93	33.70
37	31.22	34.90
38	32.47	35.90
39	33.69	36.90
40	34.96	37.80
41	36.25	38.90
42	37.53	39.90
43	38.80	40.90
44	39.99	42.10
45	41.41	43.40
46	42.83	44.60
47	44.38	45.80
48	46.15	47.10
49	47.58	48.25
50	49.02	49.40

GLYCERINE CONTENT OF MORE COMMON OILS AND FATS USED IN SOAP MAKING.

Kind.	Theoretical Yield of Pure Glycerine of Neutral Oil or Fat.	Average Free Fatty Acid in Commercial Oil.	% Pure Glycerine in Commercial Oil.	Yield Soap Lye 80% Crude Glycerine.
Beef Tallow	10.7	5	10.2	12.75
Bone Grease	10.5	20-50	5.2- 8.4	6.5 -10.5
Castor Oil	9.8	0.5-10	8.8- 9.8	11.0 -12.45
Cocoanut Oil	13.9	3-5	13.2-13.5	16.5 -16.9
Cocoanut Oil Off	15-40	8.3-11.8	10.37-14.75
Corn Oil	10.4	1-10	9.3-10.3	11.62-12.9
Cottonseed Oil	10.6	Trace	10.6	13.25
Hog Grease	10.6	0.5-1	10.5-10.6	13.12-13.25
Horse Grease	10.6	1-3	10.5-10.6	13.12-13.25
Olive Oil	10.3	2-25	7.7-10.2	9.62-12.75
Olive Foots	30-60	4-7	5- 8.75
Palm Oil	11.0	10-50	5.5-10	6.87-12.5
Palmkernel Oil	13.3	4-8	12.2-12.8	15.25-16
Peanut Oil	10.4	5-20	8.3- 9.9	10.37-12.37
Soya Bean Oil	10.4	2	10.2	12.75
Train Oil	10.0	2-20	8- 9.8	10.0 -12.25
Vegetable Tallow	10.9	1-3	10.5-10.8	13.12-13.5

*Table of Specific Gravities of Pure Commercial Glycerine with Corresponding Percentage of Water. Temperature 15 C.

Sp. Gr.	% Water	Sp. Gr.	% Water
1.262	0	1.160	38
1.261	1	1.157	39
1.258	2	1.155	40
1.255	3	1.152	41
1.2515	4	1.149	42
1.250	5	1.1464	43
1.2467	6	1.1437	44
1.2450	7	1.141	45
1.243	8	1.1377	46
1.241	9	1.1353	47
1.237	10	1.1326	48
1.235	11	1.1304	49
1.2324	12	1.127	50
1.229	13	1.125	51
1.2265	14	1.1224	52
1.2245	15	1.1204	53
1.2225	16	1.117	54
1.2185	17	1.114	55
1.2174	18	1.112	56
1.2142	19	1.109	57
1.211	20	1.106	58
1.207	21	1.103	59
1.203	22	1.1006	60
1.2004	23	1.088	65
1.198	24	1.075	70
1.195	25	1.0623	75
1.1923	26	1.049	80
1.189	27	1.0365	85
1.188	28	1.0243	90
1.1846	29	1.0218	91
1.182	30	1.0192	92
1.179	31	1.0168	93
1.176	32	1.0147	94
1.1734	33	1.0125	95
1.171	34	1.01	96
1.168	35	1.0074	97
1.165	36	1.0053	98
1.163	37	1.0026	99

Table of Percentage, Specific Gravity and Beaume Degree of Pure Glycerine Solutions

Per cent Water	Sp. Gr. Champion and Pellet	Degree Beaumé (Berthelot)	Per cent Water	Sp. Gr. Champion and Pellet	Degree Beaumé (Berthelot)
0	1.2640	31.2	11.0	1.2350	28.6
0.5	1.2625	31.0	11.5	1.2335	28.4
1.0	1.2612	30.9	12.0	1.2322	28.3
1.5	1.2600	30.8	12.5	1.2307	28.2
2.0	1.2585	30.7	13.0	1.2295	28.0
2.5	1.2575	30.6	13.5	1.2280	27.8
3.0	1.2560	30.4	14.0	1.2270	27.7
3.5	1.2545	30.3	14.5	1.2255	27.6
4.0	1.2532	30.2	15.0	1.2242	27.4
4.5	1.2520	30.1	15.5	1.2230	27.3
5.0	1.2505	30.0	16.0	1.2217	27.2
5.5	1.2490	29.9	16.5	1.2202	27.0
6.0	1.2480	29.8	17.0	1.2190	26.9
6.5	1.2465	29.7	17.5	1.2177	26.8
7.0	1.2455	29.6	18.0	1.2165	26.7
7.5	1.2440	29.5	18.5	1.2150	26.5
8.0	1.2427	29.3	19.0	1.2137	26.4
8.5	1.2412	29.2	19.5	1.2125	26.3
9.0	1.2400	29.0	20.0	1.2112	26.2
9.5	1.2390	28.9	20.5	1.2100	26.0
10.0	1.2375	28.8	21.0	1.2085	25.0
10.5	1.2362	28.7

*Table of Specific Gravities of Pure Glycerine Solutions with Corresponding Beaume Degree and Percent Water

Per cent Water	Sp. Gr.	Degree Beaume	Per cent Water	Sp. Gr.	Degree Beaume
0.0	1.2640	31.2	1.0	1.2612	30.9
0.5	1.2625	31.0	1.5	1.2600	30.8
2.0	1.2585	30.7	12.0	1.2322	28.3
2.5	1.2575	30.6	12.5	1.2307	28.2
3.0	1.2560	30.4	13.0	1.2295	28.0
3.5	1.2545	30.3	13.5	1.2280	27.8
4.0	1.2532	30.2	14.0	1.2270	27.7
4.5	1.2520	30.1	14.5	1.2255	27.6
5.0	1.2505	30.0	15.0	1.2242	27.4
5.5	1.2490	29.9	15.5	1.2230	27.3
6.0	1.2480	29.8	16.0	1.2217	27.2
6.5	1.2465	29.7	16.5	1.2202	27.0
7.0	1.2455	29.6	17.0	1.2190	26.9
7.5	1.2440	29.5	17.5	1.2177	26.8
8.0	1.2427	29.3	18.0	1.2165	26.7
8.5	1.2412	29.2	18.5	1.2150	26.5
9.0	1.2400	29.0	19.0	1.2137	26.4
9.5	1.2390	28.9	19.5	1.2125	26.3
10.0	1.2375	28.8	20.0	1.2112	26.2
10.5	1.2362	28.7	20.5	1.2100	26.0
11.0	1.2350	28.6	21.0	1.2085	25.9
11.5	1.2335	28.4