Historical text (1922). Lye (sodium or potassium hydroxide) causes severe chemical burns and blindness. Wear eye protection and gloves, add lye to water (never water to lye), and keep it away from children.

Soap-Making Manual · 1922

Appendix (part 1 of 2)

Tables marked * are taken from the German Year Book for Soap Industry.

(U. S. BUREAU OF STANDARDS)

THE METRIC SYSTEM.

The fundamental unit of the metric system is the meter (the unit of length). From this the units of mass (gram) and capacity (liter) are derived. All other units are the decimal sub-divisions or multiples of these. These three units are simply related, so that for all practical purposes the volume of one kilogram of water (one liter) is equal to one cubic decimeter.

Prefixes.Meaning.Units.
Milli-= one thousandth 1-1000 .001Meter for length.
Centi-= one hundredth 1-100 .01
Deci-= one tenth 1-10 .1
Unit= one 1.Gram for mass.
Deka-= ten 10-1 10.
Hecto-= one hundred 100-1 100.Liter for capacity.
Kilo-= one thousand 1000-1 1000.

The metric terms are formed by combining the words “Meter,” “Gram” and “Liter” with the six numerical prefixes.

Length

10 milli-meters mm=1 centi-meterc m
10 centi-meters=1 deci-meterd m
10 deci-meters=1 meter (about 40 inches)m
10 meters=1 deka-meterd k m
10 deka-meters=1 hecto-meterh m
10 hecto-meters=1 kilo-meter (about 5/8 mile)k m

Mass.

10 milli-grams. m g=1 centi-gramc g
10 centi-grams=1 deci-gramd g
10 deci-grams=1 gram (about 15 grains)g
10 grams=1 deka-gramd k g
10 Deka-grams=1 hecto-gramh g
10 hecto-grams=1 kilo-gram (about 2 pounds)k g

Capacity.

10 milli-liters. m l=1 centi-literc l
10 centi-liters=1 deci-literd l
10 deci-liters=1 liter (about 1 quart)l
10 liters=1 deka-literd k l
10 deka-liters=1 hecto-liter (about a barrel)h l
10 hecto-liters=1 kilo-literk l

The square and cubic units are the squares and cubes of the linear units.

The ordinary unit of land area is the Hectare (about 2-1/2 acres).

U.S. BUREAU OF STANDARDS TABLE OF METRIC EQUIVALENTS

Meter = 39.37 inches.

Legal Equivalent Adopted by Act of Congress July 28, 1866.

Length.

Centimeter= 0.3937 inch
Meter= 3.28 feet
Meter= 1.094 yards
Kilometer= 0.621 statute mile
Kilometer= 0.5396 nautical mile
Inch= 2.540 centimeters
Foot= 0.305 meter
Yard= 0.914 meter
Statute mile= 1.61 kilometers
Nautical mile= 1.853 kilometers

Area.

Sq. centimeter= 0.155 sq. inch
Sq. meter= 10.76 sq. feet
Sq. meter= 1.196 sq. yards
Hectare= 2.47 acres
Sq. kilometer= 0.386 sq. mile
Sq. inch= 6.45 sq. centimeters
Sq. foot= 0.0929 sq. meter
Sq. yard= 0.836 sq. meter
Acre= 0.405 hectare
Sq. mile= 2.59 sq. kilometers

Weight.

Gram= 15.43 grains
Gram= 0.772 U. S. apoth. scruple
Gram= 0.2572 U. S. apoth. dram
Gram= 0.0353 avoir. ounce
Gram= 0.03215 troy ounce
Kilogram= 2.205 avoir. pounds
Kilogram= 2.679 troy pounds
Metric ton= 0.984 gross or long ton
Metric ton= 1.102 short or net tons
Grain= 0.064 gram
U. S. apoth. scruple= 1.296 grams
U. S. apoth. dram= 3.89 grams
Avoir. ounce= 28.35 grams
Troy ounce= 31.10 grams
Avoir. pound= 0.4536 kilogram
Troy pound= 0.373 kilogram
Gross or long ton= 1.016 metric tons
Short or net ton= 0.907 metric ton

Volume.

Cu. centimeter= 0.0610 cu. inch
Cu. meter= 35.3 cu. feet
Cu. meter= 1.308 cu. yards
Cu. inch= 16.39 cu. centimeters
Cu. foot= 0.283 cu. meter
Cu. yard= 0.765 cu. meter

Capacity.

Millimeter= 0.0338 U. S. liq. ounce
Millimeter= 0.2705 U. S. apoth. dram
Liter= 1.057 U. S. liq. quarts
Liter= 0.2642 U. S. liq. gallon
Liter= 0.908 U. S. dry quart
Dekaliter= 1.135 U. S. pecks
Hectoliter= 2.838 U. S. bushels
U. S. liq. ounce= 29.57 millimeters
U. S. apoth. dram= 3.70 millimeters
U. S. liq. quarts= 0.946 liter
U. S. dry quarts= 1.101 liters
U. S. liq. gallon= 3.785 liters
U. S. peck= 0.881 dekaliter
U. S. bushel= 0.3524 hectoliter

AVOIRDUPOIS WEIGHT.

1 pound=16 ounces= 256drams
  1 ounce= 16"

TROY (APOTHECARIES’) WEIGHT (U. S.)

1 pound=12 ounces= 96 drams= 288 scruples= 5,760 grains
  1 ounce= 8 drams= 24 scruples= 480 grains
   1 dram= 3 scruples= 60 grains
    1 scruple= 20 grains

WINE (APOTHECARIES) LIQUID MEASURE (U. S.)

1 gallon= 8 pints= 128 fl. ozs.= 1,024 fl. drams= 61,440 minims
 1 pint= 16 fl. ozs.= 128 fl. drams= 7,689 minims
  1 fl. oz.= 8 fl. drams= 480 minims
   1 fl. dram= 60 minims

To find diameter of a circle multiply circumference by .31831.

To find circumference of a circle, multiply diameter by 3.1416.

To find area of a circle, multiply square of diameter by .7854.

To find surface of a ball, multiply square of diameter by 3.1416.

To find side of an equal square, multiply diameter by .8862.

To find cubic inches in a ball, multiply cube of diameter by .5236.

Doubling the diameter of a pipe, increases its capacity four times.

One cubic foot of anthracite coal weighs about 53 lbs.

One cubic foot of bituminous coal weighs from 47 to 50 pounds.

A gallon of water (U. S. standard) weighs 8-1/3 pounds and contains 231 cubic inches.

A cubic foot of water contains 7-1/2 gallons, 1728 cubic inches and weighs 62-1/2 pounds.

To find the number of pounds of water a cylindrical tank contains, square the diameter, multiply by .785 and then by the height in feet. This gives the number of cubic feet which multiplied by 62-1/2 gives the capacity in pounds of water. Divide by 7-1/2 and this gives the capacity in gallons.

A horse-power is equivalent to raising 33,000 pounds 1 foot per minute, or 550 pounds 1 foot per second.

The friction of water in pipes is as the square of velocity. The capacity of pipes is as the square of their diameters; thus, doubling the diameter of a pipe increases its capacity four times.

To find the diameter of a pump cylinder to move a given quantity of water per minute (100 feet of piston being the standard of speed), divide the number of gallons by 4, then extract the square root, and the product will be the diameter in inches of the pump cylinder.

To find the horse-power necessary to elevate water to a given height, multiply the weight of the water elevated per minute in pounds by the height in feet, and divide the product by 33,000 (an allowance should be added for water friction, and a further allowance for loss in steam cylinder, say from 20 to 30 per cent).

To compute the capacity of pumping engines, multiply the area of water piston, in inches, by the distance it travels, in inches, in a given time. Deduct 3 per cent for slip and rod displacement. The product divided by 231 gives the number of gallons in time named.

To find the velocity in feet per minute necessary to discharge a given volume of water in a given time, multiply the number of cubic feet of water by 144 and divide the product by the area of the pipe in inches.

To find the area of a required pipe, the volume and velocity of water being given, multiply the number of cubic feet of water by 144 and divide the product by the velocity in feet per minute. The area being found, the diameter can be learned by using any table giving the “area of circles” and finding the nearest area, opposite to which will be found the diameter to correspond.

Physical and Chemical Constants of Fixed Oils and Fats.

(From Lewkowitsch and other authorities.)

Specific gravity at 15°C.Specific gravity at 100°C.Melting-point. C.Solidifying-point. C.
Linseed oil0.931-0.9380.880-16° to -26°-16°
Hemp-seed oil0.925-0.931-27°
Walnut oil0.925-0.9260.871-27°
Poppy-seed oil0.924-0.9270.873-18°
Sunflower oil0.924-0.9260.919-17°
Fir-seed oil0.925-0.928-27° to -30°
Maize oil0.921-0.926-10° to -15°
Cotton-seed oil0.922-0.9300.86712°
Sesame oil0.923-0.9240.871-5°
Rape-seed oil0.914-0.9170.863-2° to -10°
Black mustard oil0.916-0.920-17.5°
Croton oil0.942-0.955-16°
Castor oil0.960-0.9660.910-12° to -18°
Apricot-kernel oil0.915-0.919-14°
Almond oil0.915-0.920-10° to -20°
Peanut (arachis) oil0.916-0.9200.867-3° to -7°
Olive oil0.914-0.9170.8622°
Menhaden oil0.927-0.933-4°
Cod-liver oil0.922-0.9270.8740° to -10°
Seal oil0.924-0.9290.8733°
Whale oil0.920-0.9300.872-2°
Dolphin oil0.917-0.9185° to -3°
Porpoise oil0.9260.871-16°
Neat's-foot oil0.914-0.9160.8610° to 1.5°
Cotton-seed stearine0.919-0.9230.86740°31° to 32.5°
Palm oil0.921-0.9250.85627° to 42°
Cacao butter0.950-0.9520.85830° to 33°25° to 26°
Cocoa-nut oil0.925-0.9260.87320° to 26°16° to 20°
Myrtle wax0.9950.87540° to 44°39° to 43°
Japan wax0.970-0.9800.87551° to 54.5°46°
Lard0.931-0.9380.86141° to 46°29°
Bone fat0.914-0.91621° to 22°15° to 17°
Tallow0.943-0.9520.86042° to 46°35° to 37°
Butter fat0.927-0.9360.86629.5° to 33°19° to 20°
Oleomargarine0.924-0.9300.859
Sperm oil0.875-0.8840.833-25°
Bottle-nose oil0.879-0.8800.827
Carnauba wax0.990-0.9990.84284° to 85°80° to 81°
Wool-fat0.9730.90139° to 42°30° to 30.2°
Beeswax0.958-0.9690.82262° to 64°60.5° to 62°
Spermaceti0.9600.81243.5° to 49°43.4° to 44.2°
Chinese wax0.9700.81080.5° to 81°80.5° to 81°
Tung (Chinese wood oil)0.936-0.942below -17°
Soya-bean oil0.924-0.9278° to 15°

Physical and Chemical Constants of Fixed Oils and Fats.

(From Lewkowitsch and other Authorities.)

Saponification value.Maumené test.Iodine value.Hehner value.Reichert value.
Linseed oil190-195104°-111°175-190
Hemp-seed oil190-19395°-96°148
Walnut oil19596°-101°144-147
Poppy-seed oil19586°-88°134-14195.38
Sunflower oil193-19472°-75°120-12995
Fir-seed oil191.398°-99°118.9-120
Maize oil188-19356°-60.5°117-12589-95.72.5
Cotton-seed oil191-19568°-77°104-11096-17
Sesame oil189-19364°-68°105-10995.80.35
Rape-seed oil170-17851°-60°95-10595
Black mustard oil174-174.643°-44°96-11095.05
Croton oil210.3-215101.7-1048913.5
Castor oil178-18646°-47°83.4-85.91.4
Apricot-kernel oil192.2-193.142.5°-46°100-107
Almond oil190.5-195.451°-54°93-9796.2
Peanut (arachis) oil190-19745°-49°85-9895.86
Olive oil191-19641.5°-45.5°80.6-84.595.430.3
Menhaden oil189.3-192123°-128°140-1701.2
Cod-liver oil182-187102°-103°154-18095.3
Seal oil190-19692°127-14094.20.22
Whale-oil188-19391°-92°110-13693.52.04
Dolphin {Body oil197.399.593.075.6
  oil {Jaw oil20032.866.2865.92
Porpoise {Body oil216-218.850°119.423.45
  oil {Jaw oil253.749.668.4165.8
Neat's-foot oil194.347°-48.5°69.3-70.4
Cotton-seed stearine.194.6-195.148°88.7-92.896.3
Palm oil196.3-20253-5795.60.5
Cacao butter192.2-193.532-4194.591.6
Cocoa-nut oil250-2538.5-9.388.63.7
Myrtle wax205.7-211.72.9
Japan wax220-222.44.2-8.590.6
Lard195.3-196.627°-32°57-7096
Bone fat190.946.3-49.6
Tallow195-19836-4795.60.25
Butter fat221.5-22726-3587.528.78
Oleomargarine194-203.755.3-6095-962.6
Sperm oil132.5-14747°-51°841.3
Bottle-nose oil126-13441°-47°77.4-821.4
Carnauba wax80-8413.5
Wool-fat98.2-102.425-28
Beeswax91-968.3-11
Spermaceti128
Chinese wax63
Tung (Chinese wood oil)193150-165
Soya-bean oil190.6-192.959°-61°121.3-12495.5

*Temperature Correction Table for Hehner’s Concentrated Bichromate Solution for Glycerine Analysis

A Temperaturef Corrected Volume 1 c.c.Logarithm
11° C0.9980 ccm99913
12° "0.9985 "99935
13° "0.9990 "99956
14° "0.9995 "99978
15° "1.0000 "00000
16° "1.0005 "00022
17° "1.0010 "00043
18° "1.0015 "00065
19° "1.0020 "00087
20° "1.0025 "00108
21° "1.0030 "00130
22° "1.0035 "00152
23° "1.0040 "00173

*Table of Important Fatty Acids

Boiling Point
NameFormulaMol. Wt.Ordinary Pressure100 mm PressureMelting Pt.Neutralization value Mg. KOH
ButyricC4H8O288162.3637.5
CaproicC6H12O2116199.7483.6
CaprylicC8H16O2144236-23716.5389.6
CapricC10H20O2172268-270199.5-20031.3326.2
LauricC12H24O220022543.6280.5
MyristicC14H28O2228250.553.8246.1
PalmiticC16H32O2256268.562219.1
StearicC18H36O228429169.2197.5
ArachidicC20H40O230275185.8
BehenicC22H44O233077-78170.0
CeroticC27H54O240078140.25
MelissicC30H60O244290126.5
OleicC18H34O2282185.5-28614198.9
ErucicC22H42O233833-34165.9
LinolicC18H32O2280200.4
LinolenicC18H30O2278201.5
RicinoleicC18H34O3298181.6

*Comparison of Thermometer Scales

n Degree Celsius = 4/5n Degree Reaumur = 32 + 9/5n Degree Fahrenheit

n Degree Reaumur = 5/4n Degree Celsius = 32 + 9/4n Degree Fahrenheit

n Degree Fahrenheit = 5/9 (n - 32) Degree Celsius = 4/9 (n - 32) Deg. R

C.R.F.C.R.F.C.R.F.C.R.F.
-20-16-4201668604814010080212
-19-15.2-2.22116.869.86148.8141.810180.8213.8
-18-14.4-0.42217.671.66249.6143.610281.6215.6
-17-13.61.42318.473.46350.4145.410382.4217.4
-16-12.83.22419.275.26451.2147.210483.2219.2
-15-125252077655214910584221
-14-11.26.82620.878.86652.8150.810684.8222.8
-13-10.48.62721.680.66753.6152.610785.6224.6
-12-9.610.42822.482.46854.4154.410886.4226.4
-11-8.812.22923.284.26955.2156.210987.2228.2
-10-814302486705615811088230
-9-7.215.83124.887.87156.8159.811188.8231.8
-8-6.417.63225.689.67257.6161.611289.6233.6
-7-5.619.43326.491.47358.4163.411390.4235.4
-6-4.821.23427.293.27459.2165.211491.2237.2
-5-423352895756016711592239
-4-3.224.83628.896.87660.8168.811692.8240.8
-3-2.426.63729.698.67761.6170.611793.6242.6
-2-1.628.43830.4100.47862.4172.411894.4244.4
-1-0.830.23931.2102.27963.2174.211995.2246.2
00324032104806417612096248
10.833.84132.8105.88164.8177.812196.8249.8
21.635.64233.6107.68265.6179.612297.6252.6
32.437.44334.4109.48366.4181.412398.4253.4
43.239.24435.2111.28467.2183.212499.2255.2
544145361138568185125100257
64.842.84636.8114.88668.8186.8126100.8258.8
75.644.64737.6116.68769.6188.6127101.6260.6
86.446.44838.4118.48870.4190.4128102.4262.4
97.248.24939.2120.28971.2192.2129103.2264.2
1085050401229072194130104266
118.851.85140.8123.89172.8195.8131104.8267.8
129.653.65241.6125.69273.6197.6132105.6269.6
1310.455.45342.4127.49374.4199.4133106.4271.4
1411.257.25443.2129.29475.2201.2134107.2273.2
15125955441319576203135108275
1612.860.85644.8132.89676.8204.8136108.8276.8
1713.662.65745.6134.69777.6206.6137109.6278.6
1814.464.45846.4136.49878.4208.4138110.4280.4
1915.266.25947.2138.29979.2210.2139111.2282.2