Doomsday DefenseHistorical text (1906). This is a 1906 catalog for drug collectors, not a treatment guide. Several plants listed (for example pokeweed, bloodroot and mayapple) are poisonous. Never self-treat with wild plants on the strength of a historical text.
Wild Medicinal Plants of the United States · 1906
Wild Medicinal Plants of the United States (part 3 of 4)
Sourwood; sorrel-tree; elk-tree.
Native tree, sometimes 40 to 50 feet in height, growing in rich woods from Ohio to Maryland, south to Alabama and Florida.
Parts used.—Leaves and bark (nonofficial).
Palmetto, saw-. See Serenoa serrulata.
Panax quinquefolium L.
Ginseng family (Araliaceae).
Ginseng.
Native, perennial herb, about 1 foot in height, found in rich, shady woods from the Middle and Northern States south to Alabama and Georgia.
Part used.—Root (nonofficial).
Pansy. See Viola tricolor.
Papoose-root. See Caulophyllum thalictroides.
Paradise-plant. See Daphne mezereum.
Parilla, yellow. See Menispermum canadense.
Parsley, spotted. See Conium maculatum.
Parsley-fern. See Tanacetum vulgare.
Parsnip, cow-. See Heracleum lanatum.
Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.) Planch.
Grape family (Vitaceae).
Synonym.—Ampelopsis quinquefolia Michx.
American ivy; Virginia creeper.
A common, woody vine, native in woods and thickets from Canada to Florida and Texas.
Parts used.—Bark and young twigs (nonofficial).
Partridgeberry. See Mitchella repens.
Pasqueflower, American. See Pulsatilla hirsutissima.
Passiflora incarnata L.
Passion-flower family (Passifloraceae).
Passion-flower; passion-vine; may-pops.
Climbing, perennial plant, native in dry soil from Virginia to Florida, westward to Missouri and Arkansas.
Parts used.—Root and stem base (nonofficial).
Passion-flower. See Passiflora incarnata.
Passion-vine. See Passiflora incarnata.
Paul’s-betony. See Veronica officinalis.
Pawpaw, North American. See Asimina triloba.
Pea, ground-squirrel. See Jeffersonia diphylla.
Pea, hoary. See Cracca virginiana.
Pea, turkey-. See Bikukulla canadensis.
Pearl-plant. See Onosmodium virginianum.
Pencil-flower. See Stylosanthes biflora.
Pennyroyal, American. See Hedeoma pulegioides.
Penthorum sedoides L.
Virginia stonecrop family (Penthoraceae).
Virginia stonecrop; ditch-stonecrop.
Native, perennial herb, about 1 foot in height, growing in ditches and swamps from New Brunswick to Minnesota, south to Florida and Texas.
Part used.—Herb (nonofficial).
Pepper, water-. See Polygonum hydropiper.
Peppermint. See Mentha piperita.
Pepper-plant. See Polygonum hydropiper.
Peramium pubescens (Willd.) MacM.
Orchid family (Orchidaceae).
Synonym.—Goodyera pubescens R. Br.
Downy rattlesnake-plantain; rattlesnake-weed; netleaf-plantain; scrofula-weed.
Native, perennial herb, 8 to 12 inches in height, occurring in rich woods from Newfoundland to Minnesota, south to Florida and Tennessee. Most common southward.
Part used.—Plant (nonofficial).
Peramium repens (L.) Salisb.
Orchid family (Orchidaceae).
Synonym.—Goodyera repens R. Br.
White plantain; lesser rattlesnake-plantain; smaller netleaf-plantain; squirrel-ear.
A smaller plant than P. pubescens, but very similar to it and more common northward.
Part used.—Plant (nonofficial).
Persimmon. See Diospyros virginiana.
Phoradendron flavescens (Pursh) Nutt.
Mistletoe family (Loranthaceae).
Synonym.—Viscum flavescens Pursh.
Mistletoe; American mistletoe.
Parasitic shrub, found on deciduous-leaved trees from New Jersey to Missouri, south to Florida and Texas.
Parts used.—Leaves and branches (nonofficial).
Phytolacca. See Phytolacca decandra.
Phytolacca americana L. Same as Phytolacca decandra.
Phytolacca decandra L.[e]
Pokeweed family (Phytolaccaceae).
Synonym.—Phytolacca americana L.[e]
Phytolacca; poke; pokeweed; garget; scoke; inkberry.
Native, perennial herb, with large and branching stem, 6 to 10 feet high; in rich, moist soil, Maine to Minnesota, south to Florida and Texas.
Parts used.—Root collected in autumn (official); fruit (official in U. S. P. 1890); leaves (nonofficial).
Picea mariana (Mill.) B. S. P.
Pine family (Pinaceae).
Synonym.—Abies nigra Desf.
Black spruce; spruce-gum tree.
Indigenous, evergreen tree, 40 to 80 feet in height, growing on elevated situations and in cold bogs from Canada south along the mountains to North Carolina, and to Minnesota.
Parts used.—Branches, and the essence obtained from the same (nonofficial).
Pilewort. See Erechtites hieracifolia and Scrophularia marilandica.
Pilotweed. See Silphium laciniatum.
Pimpernel. See Pimpinella saxifraga.
Pimpernel, red. See Anagallis arvensis.
Pimpernel, scarlet. See Anagallis arvensis.
Pimpinella saxifraga L.
Parsley family (Apiaceae).
Burnet-saxifrage; bennet; pimpernel.
Erect, perennial herb, 1 to 2 feet high, adventive from Europe, and found in waste places in eastern Pennsylvania, at several localities in the valley of the Delaware, and in Ohio.
Part used.—Root (nonofficial).
Pine, northern. See Pinus strobus.
Pine, prairie-. See Lacinaria spicata.
Pine, prince’s-. See Chimaphila umbellata.
Pine, Weymouth. See Pinus strobus.
Pine, white. See Pinus strobus.
Pink, rose-. See Sabbatia angularis.
Pinkroot. See Spigelia marilandica.
Pinkroot, Indian. See Spigelia marilandica.
Pinkroot, Maryland. See Spigelia marilandica.
Pinus strobus L.
Pine family (Pinaceae).
White pine; northern pine; Weymouth pine.
Large, indigenous forest tree, sometimes 175 feet in height, growing in woods from Canada south to Georgia and Iowa.
Part used.—Bark (nonofficial).
Pipe-plant. See Monotropa uniflora.
Pipsissewa. See Chimaphila umbellata.
Pitcher-plant. See Sarracenia purpurea.
Plantago major L.
Plantain family (Plantaginaceae).
Common plantain; dooryard-plantain; greater plantain.
Perennial herb, 1 to 3 feet high, naturalized from Europe; common in fields and waste places and along roadsides nearly throughout North America.
Parts used.—Root and leaves (nonofficial).
Plantain, common. See Plantago major.
Plantain, dooryard-. See Plantago major.
Plantain, downy rattlesnake-. See Peramium pubescens.
Plantain, greater. See Plantago major.
Plantain, lesser rattlesnake-. See Peramium repens.
Plantain, netleaf-. See Peramium pubescens.
Plantain, smaller netleaf-. See Peramium repens.
Plantain, white. See Peramium repens.
Pleurisy-root. See Asclepias tuberosa.
Podophyllum. See Podophyllum peltatum.
Podophyllum peltatum L.
Barberry family (Berberidaceae).
Podophyllum; May-apple; wild mandrake; American mandrake; wild lemon.
Native, perennial herb, 1 to 1½ feet high, found in low, rich woods from Canada to Minnesota, south to Florida and Texas.
Part used.—Rhizome (official).
Poison-hemlock. See Conium maculatum.
Poison-ivy. See Rhus radicans and R. toxicodendron.
Poison-oak. See Rhus radicans and R. toxicodendron.
Poison-vine. See Rhus radicans.
Poke. See Phytolacca decandra.
Pokeweed. See Phytolacca decandra.
Polar-plant. See Silphium laciniatum.
Polecat-weed. See Spathyema foetida.
Polemonium reptans L.
Phlox family (Polemoniaceae).
American Greek valerian; abscess-root; sweetroot; Jacob’s-ladder.
Native, perennial herb, 12 to 20 inches high, growing in woods and damp ground from New York to Minnesota, south to Georgia and Missouri.
Part used.—Root (nonofficial).
Polygala nuttallii T. & G.
Milkwort family (Polygalaceae).
Nuttall’s-milkwort; ground-centaury.
Slender, erect, annual herb, 6 to 12 inches high, native in dry, sandy soil from Massachusetts to North Carolina, west to Alabama and Missouri.
Part used.—Herb (nonofficial).
Polygala senega L.
Milkwort family (Polygalaceae).
Senega; Seneca snakeroot.
Native, perennial herb, 8 to 12 inches high, found in rocky woods and on hillsides from New Brunswick and western New England to Minnesota, south to North Carolina and Missouri.
Part used.—Root (official).
Polygonatum biflorum (Walt.) Ell.
Lily-of-the-valley family (Convallariaceae).
Synonyms.—Convallaria biflora Walt.; Salomonia biflora (Walt.) Britton.
Hairy Solomon’s-seal; smaller Solomon’s-seal.
Native, perennial herb, 8 inches to 3 feet high, found in woods and thickets from Canada south to Florida and Michigan.
Part used.—Rhizome (nonofficial).
Polygonatum commutatum (Roem. & Schult.) Dietr.
Lily-of-the-valley family (Convallariaceae).
Synonyms.—Polygonatum giganteum Dietr.; Salomonia commutata (Roem. & Schult.) Britton.
Giant Solomon’s-seal; great Solomon’s-seal; smooth Solomon’s-seal.
Native, perennial herb, 1 to 8 feet high, occurring in moist woods and along streams from Canada to Georgia, west to Louisiana and Utah.
Part used.—Rhizome (nonofficial).
Polygonatum giganteum Dietr. Same as Polygonatum commutatum.
Polygonum hydropiper L.
Buckwheat family (Polygonaceae).
Smartweed; water-pepper; biting knotweed; pepper-plant.
Smooth, annual plant, 8 inches to 2 feet high, naturalized from Europe; common in moist waste places almost throughout North America.
Part used.—Herb (nonofficial).
Polygonum punctatum Ell.
Buckwheat family (Polygonaceae).
Dotted smartweed; water-smartweed.
Native, annual or perennial herb, found in swamps and other wet places throughout most of North America.
Part used.—Herb (nonofficial).
Polymnia uvedalia L.
Aster family (Asteraceae).
Yellow bear’s-foot; yellow leafcup; uvedalia.
Large, native, perennial plant, 3 to 6 feet high; in ravines and edges of woods from New York to Michigan, south to Florida and Texas.
Part used.—Root (nonofficial).
Polypodium filix-mas L. Same as Dryopteris filix-mas.
Polypodium marginale L. Same as Dryopteris marginalis.
Polypodium vulgare L.
Fern family (Polypodiaceae).
Common polypody; fernroot; rock-brake; female-fern.
Native fern, 3 to 10 inches in height, with a perennial, creeping rhizome; on shady, rocky banks, in woods and mountains almost throughout North America.
Parts used.—Rhizome and tops (nonofficial).
Polypody, common. See Polypodium vulgare.
Polytrichum juniperinum Hedw.
Haircap-moss family (Polytrichaceae).
Haircap-moss; robin’s-rye.
Native moss, 4 to 7 inches in height, growing along margins of dry woods and exposed places, mostly on poor, sandy soil.
Part used.—Whole plant (nonofficial).
Pond-lily, large yellow. See Nymphaea advena.
Pond-lily, white. See Castalia odorata.
Poolroot. See Eupatorium ageratoides, E. aromaticum, and Sanicula marilandica.
Poolwort. See Eupatorium ageratoides and E. aromaticum.
Poplar, silver. See Populus alba.
Poplar, silverleaf-. See Populus alba.
Poplar, trembling. See Populus tremuloides.
Poplar, tulip-. See Liriodendron tulipifera.
Poplar, white. See Populus alba and P. tremuloides.
Poplar, yellow. See Liriodendron tulipifera.
Populus alba L.
Willow family (Salicaceae).
White poplar; silverleaf-poplar; silver poplar; white-bark.
A large tree, sometimes 120 feet in height, naturalized in the United States; occurs along roadsides from New Brunswick to Virginia.
Part used.—Bark, collected in spring (nonofficial).
Populus balsamifera candicans A. Gray. Same as Populus candicans.
Populus candicans Ait.
Willow family (Salicaceae).
Synonym.—Populus balsamifera candicans A. Gray.
Balm-of-Gilead.
A large tree, about 80 feet in height, mostly escaped from cultivation, New Brunswick to New Jersey, west to Minnesota.
Parts used.—Leafbuds and bark (nonofficial).
Populus tremuloides Michx.
Willow family (Salicaceae).
Quaking aspen; American aspen; white poplar; trembling poplar; quiverleaf.
A slender, indigenous tree, growing in dry or moist soil from lower Canada south to Kentucky and in the Rocky Mountains to Lower California.
Part used.—Bark, collected in spring (nonofficial).
Porteranthus trifoliatus (L.) Britton.
Rose family (Rosaceae).
Synonym.—Gillenia trifoliata Moench.
Indian-physic; Bowman’s-root; false ipecac; western dropwort.
Native, perennial herb, 2 to 3 feet high, found in moist, shady places in rich woods from New York to Michigan, south to Georgia and Missouri; more common in the Atlantic States than in the Western States.
Part used.—Root (nonofficial).
Potato, hog-. See Ipomoea pandurata.
Potato, wild. See Ipomoea pandurata.
Potentilla canadensis L.
Rose family (Rosaceae).
Fivefinger; cinquefoil.
A small, annual or biennial plant, with creeping stems, growing in dry soil from Quebec to Georgia, west to Minnesota and the Indian Territory.
Part used.—Plant (nonofficial).
Prairie-pine. See Lacinaria spicata.
Prenanthes alba L. Same as Nabalus albus.
Prenanthes serpentaria Pursh. Same as Nabalus serpentarius.
Prickly ash, northern. See Xanthoxylum americanum.
Prickly ash, southern. See Fagara clava-herculis.
Prideweed. See Erigeron canadensis.
Prim. See Ligustrum vulgare.
Primrose, evening-. See Oenothera biennis.
Primrose, tree-. See Oenothera biennis.
Primwort. See Ligustrum vulgare.
Prince’s-pine. See Chimaphila umbellata.
Prinos verticillatus L. Same as Ilex verticillata.
Privet. See Ligustrum vulgare.
Prunella vulgaris L.
Mint family (Menthaceae).
Self-heal; heal-all; brownwort; sicklewort; blue-curls.
Perennial plant, 2 inches to 2 feet high, naturalized from Europe, and found in fields, woods, and waste places throughout nearly the whole of North America.
Part used.—Herb (nonofficial).
Prunus serotina Ehrh.
Plum family (Amygdalaceae).
Synonym.—Prunus virginiana Mill., not of Linnaeus.
Prunus virginiana; wild cherry; rum-cherry.
A large, indigenous tree, 50 to 80 feet high, growing in woods or open places from Ontario to Florida, west to Texas and Dakota. Most abundant in the Southwestern States.
Part used.—Bark, which should be collected in autumn and carefully dried and preserved (official).
Prunus virginiana. See Prunus serotina.
Prunus virginiana Mill., not L. Same as Prunus serotina.
Psoralea. See Psoralea pedunculata.
Psoralea melilotoides Michx. Same as Psoralea pedunculata.
Psoralea pedunculata (Mill.) Vail.
Pea family (Fabaceae).
Synonym.—Psoralea melilotoides Michx.
Psoralea; Samson’s-snakeroot; Congo-root.
Slender, herbaceous perennial, 1 to 2½ feet high, native in dry soil in open woods from Ohio and Kentucky southward.
Parts used.—Root and leaves (nonofficial).
Ptelea trifoliata L.
Rue family (Rutaceae).
Wafer-ash; wingseed; hop-tree; shrubby trefoil.
Native shrub, 6 to 8 feet high; in shady woods from New York to Florida, west to Minnesota and Texas; grows more abundantly west of the Alleghenies.
Parts used.—Bark of root, fruit, and leaves (nonofficial).
Pterocaulon undulatum (Walt.) Mohr.
Aster family (Asteraceae).
Synonym.—Gnaphalium undulatum Walt.
Indian blackroot.
Native, perennial herb, growing in sandy pine lands from North Carolina to Florida and Mississippi.
Part used.—Root (nonofficial).
Puccoon, red. See Sanguinaria canadensis.
Puccoon, yellow. See Hydrastis canadensis.
Pulsatilla, American. See Pulsatilla hirsutissima.
Pulsatilla hirsutissima (Pursh) Britton.
Crowfoot family (Ranunculaceae).
Synonym.—Anemone patens var. nuttalliana A. Gray.
American pasqueflower; American pulsatilla.
Native, perennial herb, 6 to 16 inches high, found in the prairie regions of Illinois, west to the Rocky Mountains and the Northwest.
Part used.—Flowering herb (nonofficial).
Purging-root. See Euphorbia corollata.
Purslane, black. See Euphorbia nutans.
Purslane, milk-. See Euphorbia nutans.
Pussy-willow. See Salix nigra.
Putty-root. See Aplectrum spicatum.
Pycnanthemum montanum Michx. Same as Koellia montana.
Pycnanthemum pilosum Nutt. Same as Koellia pilosa.
Pyramid-flower. See Frasera carolinensis.
Pyrethrum parthenium Smith. Same as Chrysanthemum parthenium.
Pyrus americana DC. Same as Sorbus americana.
Quack-grass. See Agropyron repens.
Queen-Anne’s-lace. See Daucus carota.
Queen-of-the-meadow. See Eupatorium purpureum.
Queen’s-delight. See Stillingia sylvatica.
Queensland asthma-weed. See Euphorbia pilulifera.
Queen’s-root. See Stillingia sylvatica.
Quercus. See Quercus alba.
Quercus alba L.
Beech family (Fagaceae).
Quercus; white oak; stone-oak.
Large, indigenous forest tree, 50 to 100 feet in height, in woods from Maine to Minnesota, south to Florida and Texas. More abundant in the Middle States.
Part used.—Bark, “collected from trunks or branches 10 to 25 years of age, and deprived of the periderm” (official).
Quercus rubra L.
Beech family (Fagaceae).
Red oak; champion-oak; Spanish oak.
Large, wide-spreading, indigenous forest tree, about 70 feet in height, from Nova Scotia to Minnesota, south to Florida and Texas. More common in the Northern States and in Canada.
Part used.—Bark (nonofficial).
Quinine-flower. See Sabbatia elliottii.
Quinine-herb. See Sabbatia elliottii.
Quinine-plant. See Sabbatia elliottii.
Quiverleaf. See Populus tremuloides.
Ragged-cup. See Silphium perfoliatum.
Ragweed. See Ambrosia artemisiaefolia.
Ragwort, golden. See Senecio aureus.
Raspberry, black. See Rubus occidentalis.
Raspberry, ground-. See Hydrastis canadensis.
Raspberry, wild red. See Rubus strigosus.
Rattle-root. See Cimicifuga racemosa.
Rattlesnake-herb. See Actaea alba and A. rubra.
Rattlesnake-master. See Eryngium yuccifolium, Lacinaria scariosa, L. spicata, and L. squarrosa.
Rattlesnake-plantain, downy. See Peramium pubescens.
Rattlesnake-plantain, lesser. See Peramium repens.
Rattlesnake-root. See Nabalus albus and N. serpentarius.
Rattlesnake-violet. See Erythronium americanum.
Rattlesnake-weed. See Eryngium yuccifolium, Hieracium venosum, and Peramium pubescens.
Redbud. See Cercis canadensis.
Redroot. See Ceanothus americanus.
Rhamnus cathartica L.
Buckthorn family (Rhamnaceae).
Buckthorn; hart’s-thorn; waythorn.
A shrub 6 to 15 feet high, introduced from Europe; escaped from hedges and growing in dry soil in the New England and Middle States.
Part used.—Berries (nonofficial).
Rhamnus purshiana. See Rhamnus purshiana DC.
Rhamnus purshiana DC.
Buckthorn family (Rhamnaceae).
Rhamnus purshiana; cascara sagrada; chittem-bark; sacred-bark; bearberry-tree.
Small, indigenous tree, 15 to 20 feet in height, found on the sides and bottoms of canyons, Rocky Mountains west to the Pacific Ocean, and extending north into British America.
Part used.—Bark, collected at least one year before being used (official).
Rheumatism-root. See Dioscorea villosa and Jeffersonia diphylla.
Rheumatism-weed. See Chimaphila umbellata.
Rhododendron maximum L.
Heath family (Ericaceae).
Great laurel; rose-bay; deer-laurel; rose-laurel.
Tall, native, evergreen shrub or small tree, found in low woods and along streams from Canada to Georgia.
Part used.—Leaves (nonofficial).
Rhus aromatica Ait.
Sumac family (Anacardiaceae).
Fragrant sumac; sweet-scented sumac.
Indigenous shrub, 2 to 6 feet high, growing in woods and rocky situations, Canada to Florida, especially along the mountains, west to Minnesota and Arkansas.
Part used.—Bark of root (nonofficial).
Rhus glabra. See Rhus glabra L.
Rhus glabra L.
Sumac family (Anacardiaceae).
Rhus glabra; smooth sumac; scarlet sumac.
Indigenous, branching shrub, from 4 to 12 feet high; in dry soil, thickets, and waste grounds nearly throughout the United States and Canada.
Parts used.—Fruit (official); bark and leaves (nonofficial).
Rhus radicans L.[f]
Sumac family (Anacardiaceae).
Rhus toxicodendron (pharmacopœial name, 1890); poison-ivy; poison-oak; poison-vine.
Native, woody vine, clinging to trees and fence rows; Canada to Florida, west to Nebraska and Arkansas. Very poisonous to the touch.
Part used.—Fresh leaves (official in U. S. P. 1890).
Rhus toxicodendron. See Rhus radicans.
Rhus toxicodendron L.
Sumac family (Anacardiaceae).
Poison-ivy; poison-oak.
Low, erect, and finely pubescent plant, more shrubby than Rhus radicans, and found in dry soil in more southern localities from Virginia to Georgia. Very poisonous to the touch.
Part used.—Fresh leaves, collected with those of Rhus radicans.
Richweed. See Collinsonia canadensis and Eupatorium ageratoides.
Robinia pseudacacia L.
Pea family (Fabaceae).
Locust-tree; black locust; yellow locust; false acacia.
A large, indigenous tree, sometimes 80 feet in height, growing in woods from Pennsylvania south along the western slope of the Allegheny Mountains to Georgia, west to the Indian Territory. Most abundant in the Middle and Eastern States.
Part used.—Bark of root (nonofficial).
Robin’s-rye. See Polytrichum juniperinum.
Rock-brake. See Polypodium vulgare.
Rock-rose, Canadian. See Helianthemum canadense.
Rope-bark. See Dirca palustris.
Rose, Canadian rock-. See Helianthemum canadense.
Rose-bay. See Rhododendron maximum.
Rose-laurel. See Rhododendron maximum.
Rosemary, marsh-. See Limonium carolinianum.
Rose-pink. See Sabbatia angularis.
Rose-willow. See Cornus amomum.
Rosinweed. See Silphium laciniatum.
Roundwood. See Sorbus americana.
Rubus. See Rubus cuneifolius, R. nigrobaccus, R. procumbens, R. trivialis, and R. villosus.
Rubus canadensis T. & G., not L. Same as Rubus procumbens.
Rubus cuneifolius Pursh.
Rose family (Rosaceae).
Rubus; sand-blackberry; knee-high blackberry.
Shrubby plant, 1 to 3 feet high; in sandy soil from Connecticut to Florida, west to Missouri and Louisiana.
Part used.—Bark of rhizome (official).
Rubus idaeus var. americanus Torr. Same as Rubus occidentalis.
Rubus nigrobaccus Bailey.
Rose family (Rosaceae).
Synonym.—Rubus villosus A. Gray, not Ait.
Rubus; high-bush blackberry.
Slender shrub, 3 to 7 feet high, growing in dry fields and along roadsides, New England States to Florida, and west to Arkansas.
Part used.—Bark of rhizome (official).
Rubus occidentalis L.
Rose family (Rosaceae).
Synonym.—Rubus idaeus var. americanus Torr.
Black raspberry; thimbleberry; blackcap.
A straggling shrub, growing along the borders of woods and in rocky thickets from Canada south to Georgia and Missouri.
Parts used.—Fruit and leaves (nonofficial).
Rubus procumbens Muhl.
Rose family (Rosaceae).
Synonym.—Rubus canadensis T. & G., not L.
Rubus; low running blackberry; dewberry.
Shrubby, trailing plant, found in dry soil from Newfoundland to Lake Superior, south to Virginia and the Indian Territory.
Part used.—Bark of root (official in U. S. P. 1890).
Rubus strigosus Michx.
Rose family (Rosaceae).
Wild red raspberry.
Shrubby plant, found in dry or rocky situations from Canada to North Carolina and New Mexico.
Parts used.—Fruit and leaves (nonofficial).
Rubus trivialis Michx.
Rose family (Rosaceae).
Rubus; southern dewberry; low-bush blackberry.
Shrubby, procumbent plant, found in sandy soils, Virginia to Florida, west to Missouri and Texas.
Part used.—Bark of root (official in U. S. P. 1890).
Rubus villosus A. Gray, not Ait. Same as Rubus nigrobaccus.
Rubus villosus Ait.
Rose family (Rosaceae).
Rubus; one-flowered dewberry.
Trailing plant, with slender branches, growing in sandy or dry soil near the coast from Maine to South Carolina.
Part used.—Bark of rhizome (official).
Rudbeckia laciniata L.
Aster family (Asteraceae).
Thimbleweed; tall coneflower.
Much-branched, native perennial, 3 to 12 feet high; in moist thickets, Canada and Montana, south to Florida and New Mexico.
Part used.—Herb (nonofficial).
Rum-cherry. See Prunus serotina.
Rumex. See Rumex crispus.
Rumex acetosella L.
Buckwheat family (Polygonaceae).
Sheep-sorrel; field-sorrel; sour-grass; common sorrel.
Annual or perennial herb, abundant in dry fields, pastures, and waste ground throughout the United States.
Part used.—Leaves (nonofficial).
Rumex crispus L.
Buckwheat family (Polygonaceae).
Rumex; yellow dock; curled dock; narrow dock; sour dock.
A weed introduced from Europe, and common in cultivated and waste ground throughout the United States. Perennial plant, 2 to 4 feet high.
Part used.—Root of this and some other species of Rumex (official in U. S. P. 1890).
Rumex obtusifolius L.
Buckwheat family (Polygonaceae).
Bitter dock; blunt-leaved dock; broad-leaved dock.
A perennial weed, 2 to 4 feet high, naturalized from Europe, and found in waste places from New England to Florida, west to Texas and Oregon.
Part used.—Root, collected with that of Rumex crispus.
Sabal. See Serenoa serrulata.
Sabbatia angularis (L.) Pursh.
Gentian family (Gentianaceae).
American centaury; rose-pink; bitterbloom; bitter clover.
Native, biennial plant, 1 to 2 feet high, growing in damp, rich soil, in meadows and among high grass, from New York to Michigan, south to Florida and the Indian Territory.
Part used.—Herb (nonofficial).
Sabbatia elliottii Steud.
Gentian family (Gentianaceae).
Synonym.—Sabbatia paniculata Ell.
Quinine-flower; quinine-plant; quinine-herb; Elliott’s-sabbatia.
An erect, native herb, about one foot in height, growing in pine barrens from North Carolina to Florida.
Part used.—Herb (nonofficial).
Sabbatia, Elliott’s-. See Sabbatia elliottii.
Sabbatia paniculata Ell. Same as Sabbatia elliottii.
Sabina. See Juniperus sabina.
Sacred-bark. See Rhamnus purshiana.
Sage, Indian. See Eupatorium perfoliatum.
Saint-Benedict’s thistle. See Cnicus benedictus.
Saint-John’s wort, common. See Hypericum perforatum.
Salix alba L.
Willow family (Salicaceae).
White willow; European willow.
A large tree, sometimes 90 feet in height, introduced from Europe; occurs in moist soil along streams from Pennsylvania northward to New Brunswick and Ontario, sparingly escaped from cultivation.
Part used.—Bark (nonofficial).
Salix nigra Marsh.
Willow family (Salicaceae).
Black willow; pussy-willow; swamp-willow.
Tall, indigenous tree, growing on banks of rivers from Canada to Florida and California.
Parts used.—Bark, and fresh aments gathered early in May (nonofficial).
Salomonia biflora (Walt.) Britton. Same as Polygonatum biflorum.
Salomonia commutata (Roem. & Schult.) Dietr. Same as Polygonatum commutatum.
Salt-rheum weed. See Chelone glabra.
Sambucus. See Sambucus canadensis.
Sambucus canadensis L.
Honeysuckle family (Caprifoliaceae).
Sambucus; elder; American elder; sweet elder.
Indigenous shrub, 6 to 10 feet high, growing in low, damp ground from Canada to Florida and Arizona.
Parts used.—Flowers (official in U. S. P. 1890); bark and berries (nonofficial).
Sampson-root. See Brauneria angustifolia.
Sampson’s-snakeroot. See Gentiana villosa.
Samson’s-snakeroot. See Psoralea pedunculata.
Sand-blackberry. See Rubus cuneifolius.
Sandbrier. See Solanum carolinense.
Sanguinaria. See Sanguinaria canadensis.
Sanguinaria canadensis L.
Poppy family (Papaveraceae).
Sanguinaria; bloodroot; red puccoon; Indian-paint; tetterwort.
Native, perennial herb, about 6 inches high, found in rich, open woods from Nova Scotia to Nebraska, south to Florida and Arkansas.
Part used.—Rhizome, “collected after the death of the foliage” (official).
Sanicle, American. See Heuchera americana and Sanicula marilandica.
Sanicle, black. See Sanicula marilandica.
Sanicle, Indian. See Eupatorium ageratoides.
Sanicle, white. See Eupatorium ageratoides.
Sanicula marilandica L.
Parsley family (Apiaceae).
Black sanicle; black snakeroot; American sanicle; poolroot.
Native, perennial herb, 1 to 3 feet high; in rich woods, Canada to Georgia.
Part used.—Root (nonofficial).
Saponaria officinalis L.
Pink family (Silenaceae).
Soapwort; soaproot; bouncing-Bet; fuller’s-herb.
Stout, perennial herb, 1 to 2 feet high, naturalized from Europe and found along roadsides and waste places; common almost everywhere.
Parts used.—Root and herb (nonofficial).
Sarothamnus scoparius Wimm. Same as Cytisus scoparius.
Sarracenia flava L.
Pitcher-plant family (Sarraceniaceae).
Trumpetleaf; trumpets; Eve’s-cup; watercup; yellow-flowered watercup.
Curious, indigenous perennial, about 1 to 3 feet high, found in low, wet pine barrens in the southeastern United States.
Parts used.—Root and sometimes the leaves (nonofficial).
Sarracenia purpurea L.
Pitcher-plant family (Sarraceniaceae).
Pitcher-plant; flytrap; sidesaddle-flower; watercup; smallpox-plant.
Indigenous perennial, 1 to 2 feet high, growing in wet, boggy places and marshes, from Canada to Minnesota and Florida.
Parts used.—Root and sometimes the leaves (nonofficial).
Sarsaparilla, American. See Aralia nudicaulis.
Sarsaparilla, bristly. See Aralia hispida.
Sarsaparilla, false. See Aralia nudicaulis.
Sarsaparilla, Texas. See Menispermum canadense.
Sarsaparilla, Virginian. See Aralia nudicaulis.
Sarsaparilla, wild. See Aralia nudicaulis.
Sassafras. See Sassafras variifolium.
Sassafras officinale Nees & Eberm. Same as Sassafras variifolium.
Sassafras sassafras (L.) Karst. Same as Sassafras variifolium.
Sassafras, swamp-. See Magnolia virginiana.
Sassafras variifolium (Salisb.) O. Kuntze.[g]
Laurel family (Lauraceae).
Synonyms.—Sassafras officinale Nees & Eberm.; Sassafras sassafras (L.) Karst.[g]
Sassafras; ague-tree.
Native tree, sometimes reaching a height of 125 feet; in rich woods, Massachusetts to Ontario and Michigan, south to Florida and Texas.
Parts used.—Bark of root, collected in early spring or autumn and deprived of the periderm (official); pith (official); and the oil of sassafras distilled from the root, especially the root bark (official).
Satureia hortensis L.
Mint family (Menthaceae).
Summer-savory.
Hairy, aromatic, annual herb, adventive from Europe and occurring in waste places from Canada to Pennsylvania and Nevada.
Part used.—Herb (nonofficial).
Savin. See Juniperus sabina.
Savin, red. See Juniperus virginiana.
Savory, summer-. See Satureia hortensis.
Saw-palmetto. See Serenoa serrulata.
Saxifrage, burnet-. See Pimpinella saxifraga.
Scabious, sweet. See Erigeron philadelphicus.
Scabish, meadow-. See Aster puniceus.
Scabwort. See Inula helenium.
Scarletberry. See Solanum dulcamara.
Scoke. See Phytolacca decandra.
Scoparius. See Cytisus scoparius.
Scouring-rush, common. See Equisetum hyemale.
Scrofula-plant. See Scrophularia marilandica.
Scrofula-weed. See Peramium pubescens.
Scrophularia marilandica L.
Figwort family (Scrophulariaceae).
Synonym.—Scrophularia nodosa var. marilandica A. Gray.
Maryland figwort; scrofula-plant; carpenter’s-square; heal-all; bee-plant; pilewort.
Smooth, native perennial, 3 to 5 feet high; moist, shady ground in woods and thickets, New York to North Carolina and Kansas.
Parts used.—Herb and root (nonofficial).
Scrophularia nodosa var. marilandica A. Gray. Same as Scrophularia marilandica.
Scutellaria. See Scutellaria lateriflora.
Scutellaria hyssopifolia L. Same as Scutellaria integrifolia.
Scutellaria integrifolia L.
Mint family (Menthaceae).
Synonym.—Scutellaria hyssopifolia L.
Larger skullcap; hyssop-skullcap.
Native, perennial herb, 6 inches to 2 feet high, found in fields and woods from Connecticut south to Florida and Texas.
Part used.—Herb (nonofficial).
Scutellaria lateriflora L.
Mint family (Menthaceae).
Scutellaria; skullcap; madweed; hoodwort.
Smooth, branching perennial, 1 to 2 feet high, native in damp places along banks of streams from Canada south to Florida, New Mexico, and Washington.
Part used.—Plant (official).
Sea-lavender. See Limonium carolinianum.
Self-heal. See Prunella vulgaris.
Senecio aureus L.
Aster family (Asteraceae).
Liferoot; swamp squaw-weed; golden ragwort; cocash-weed; coughweed.
Indigenous, perennial herb, 1 to 2½ feet high, growing in swamps and wet meadows, Newfoundland to Ontario, south to Florida, Missouri, and Texas.
Parts used.—Root and herb (nonofficial).
Senega. See Polygala senega.
Senna, American. See Cassia marilandica.
Senna, wild. See Cassia marilandica.
Serenoa serrulata (Roem. & Schult.) Hook. f.
Palm family (Phoenicaceae).
Sabal; saw-palmetto.
A palm, 3 to 7 feet in height, found in sandy soil from North Carolina and Arkansas to Florida and Texas.
Part used.—Partially dried ripe fruit (official).
Serpentaria. See Aristolochia reticulata and A. serpentaria.
Serpentaria, Texas. See Aristolochia reticulata.
Serpentaria, Virginia. See Aristolochia serpentaria.
Service-tree, American. See Sorbus americana.
Seven-barks. See Hydrangea arborescens.
Shagbark. See Hicoria ovata.
Shamrock. See Oxalis acetosella.
Shamrock, water-. See Menyanthes trifoliata.
Shave-grass. See Equisetum hyemale.
Sheepberry. See Viburnum lentago.
Sheep-laurel. See Kalmia angustifolia and K. latifolia.
Sheep-sorrel. See Rumex acetosella.
Shellbark-hickory. See Hicoria ovata.
Shellflower. See Chelone glabra.
Shepherd’s-purse. See Bursa bursa-pastoris.
Shepherd’s-weatherglass. See Anagallis arvensis.
Shield-fern, marginal-fruited. See Dryopteris marginalis.
Shrub, sweet-scented. See Butneria florida.
Shrub yellowroot. See Xanthorrhiza apiifolia.
Sicklewort. See Prunella vulgaris.
Sidesaddle-flower. See Sarracenia purpurea.
Silkweed. See Asclepias syriaca.
Silkweed, rose-colored. See Asclepias incarnata.
Silkweed, swamp-. See Asclepias incarnata.
Silphium laciniatum L.
Aster family (Asteraceae).
Rosinweed; compass-plant; pilotweed; polar-plant.
Coarse, native perennial, 3 to 12 feet high, growing on prairies from Ohio to Alabama, west to Texas and South Dakota.
Part used.—Herb (nonofficial).
Silphium perfoliatum L.
Aster family (Asteraceae).
Cup-plant; Indian-cup; ragged-cup.
Stout, perennial herb, 4 to 8 feet high, native in moist soil and low ground from Ontario and the eastern United States west to Louisiana and Nebraska.
Part used.—Root (nonofficial).
Silverleaf. See Impatiens biflora, Spiraea tomentosa, and Stillingia sylvatica.
Silverleaf-poplar. See Populus alba.
Simpler’s-joy. See Verbena hastata.
Sinapis alba. See Sinapis alba L.
Sinapis alba L.
Mustard family (Brassicaceae).
Sinapis alba; white mustard; yellow mustard.
Annual herb, about 2 feet in height, naturalized from Europe, and found in fields and waste places, but not so widely distributed as the black mustard.
Part used.—Seed (official).
Sinapis nigra. See Brassica nigra.
Sinapis nigra L. Same as Brassica nigra.
Skullcap. See Scutellaria lateriflora.
Skullcap, hyssop-. See Scutellaria integrifolia.
Skullcap, larger. See Scutellaria integrifolia.
Skunk-cabbage. See Spathyema foetida.
Skunkweed. See Spathyema foetida.
Sloe. See Viburnum prunifolium.
Smallpox-plant. See Sarracenia purpurea.
Smartweed. See Polygonum hydropiper.
Smartweed, dotted. See Polygonum punctatum.
Smartweed, water-. See Polygonum punctatum.
Smilacina racemosa Desf. Same as Vagnera racemosa.
Smilax herbacea L.
Smilax family (Smilacaceae).
Carrion-flower; American Jacob’s-ladder.
Native, herbaceous perennial, occurring in woods and thickets in Canada and the eastern United States.
Part used.—Herb (nonofficial).
Smilax pseudo-china L.
Smilax family (Smilacaceae).
Bamboo-brier; long-stalked greenbrier; American China-root; false China-root; bullbrier.
Perennial vine, native, growing in dry or sandy thickets, Maryland to Florida, west to Texas and Nebraska.
Part used.—Rhizome (nonofficial).
Snake-gentian. See Nabalus serpentarius.
Snakehead. See Chelone glabra.
Snakeleaf, yellow. See Erythronium americanum.
Snake-lily. See Iris versicolor.
Snakemilk. See Euphorbia corollata.
Snakeroot, black. See Cimicifuga racemosa and Sanicula marilandica.
Snakeroot, button-. See Eryngium yuccifolium.
Snakeroot, Canada. See Asarum canadense.
Snakeroot, corn-. See Eryngium yuccifolium and Lacinaria spicata.
Snakeroot, dense button-. See Lacinaria spicata.
Snakeroot, large button-. See Lacinaria scariosa.
Snakeroot, Red River. See Aristolochia reticulata.
Snakeroot, Sampson’s-. See Gentiana villosa.
Snakeroot, Samson’s-. See Psoralea pedunculata.
Snakeroot, Seneca. See Polygala senega.
Snakeroot, smaller white. See Eupatorium aromaticum.
Snakeroot, Texas. See Aristolochia reticulata.
Snakeroot, Virginia. See Aristolochia serpentaria.
Snakeroot, white. See Eupatorium ageratoides.
Snake-violet. See Viola pedata.
Snakeweed. See Euphorbia pilulifera.
Snapweed. See Impatiens aurea and I. biflora.
Sneezeweed. See Helenium autumnale.
Sneezewort. See Helenium autumnale.
Snowdrop, yellow. See Erythronium americanum.
Soaproot. See Saponaria officinalis.
Soapwort. See Saponaria officinalis.
Soapwort-gentian. See Gentiana saponaria.
Solanum carolinense L.
Potato family (Solanaceae).
Horse-nettle; bull-nettle; sandbrier.
Rough-hairy, native, perennial herb, common in dry fields and on sandy or gravelly banks from the eastern United States west to Texas and Nebraska.
Parts used.—Root, leaves, and berries (nonofficial).
Solanum dulcamara L.
Potato family (Solanaceae).
Dulcamara; bittersweet; woody nightshade; violet-bloom; scarletberry.
Climbing, shrubby perennial, naturalized from Europe; found in low, damp grounds and moist banks, New Brunswick to Minnesota, south to New Jersey and Kansas.
Part used.—Young branches (official in U. S. P. 1890).
Solidago odora Ait.
Aster family (Asteraceae).
Sweet goldenrod; fragrant-leaved goldenrod; anise-scented goldenrod.
Slender, perennial herb, 2 to 3 feet high, native; in dry soil from Maine to Texas.
Parts used.—Leaves and tops (nonofficial).
Solomon’s-seal, false. See Vagnera racemosa.
Solomon’s-seal, giant. See Polygonatum commutatum.
Solomon’s-seal, great. See Polygonatum commutatum.
Solomon’s-seal, hairy. See Polygonatum biflorum.
Solomon’s-seal, small. See Vagnera racemosa.
Solomon’s-seal, smaller. See Polygonatum biflorum.
Solomon’s-seal, smooth. See Polygonatum commutatum.
Sorbus americana Marsh.
Apple family (Malaceae).
Synonym.—Pyrus americana DC.
American mountain-ash; roundwood; dogberry; mountain-sumac; American service-tree.
Indigenous tree or tall shrub, growing in low woods or moist ground from Newfoundland south along the mountains to North Carolina, and to Michigan.
Parts used.—Bark and berries (nonofficial).
Sorrel, common. See Rumex acetosella.
Sorrel, field-. See Rumex acetosella.
Sorrel, sheep-. See Rumex acetosella.
Sorrel, white wood-. See Oxalis acetosella.
Sorrel-tree. See Oxydendrum arboreum.
Sour-grass. See Rumex acetosella.
Sourwood. See Oxydendrum arboreum.
Southernwood. See Artemisia abrotanum.
Spathyema foetida (L.) Raf.
Arum family (Araceae).
Synonyms.—Dracontium foetidum L.; Symplocarpus foetidus Nutt.
Skunk-cabbage; skunkweed; polecat-weed; swamp-cabbage.
Indigenous, perennial herb, about 1 to 2 feet high, found in swamps and wet soil from Canada south to Florida, Iowa, and Minnesota. Appears very early in spring.
Parts used.—Rhizome and roots (nonofficial).
Spatter-dock. See Nymphaea advena.
Spearmint. See Mentha spicata.
Speedwell, common. See Veronica officinalis.
Speedwell, tall. See Veronica virginica.
Spicebush. See Benzoin benzoin.
Spicewood. See Benzoin benzoin.
Spigelia. See Spigelia marilandica.
Spigelia marilandica L.
Logania family (Loganiaceae).
Spigelia; pinkroot; Maryland pinkroot; Indian pinkroot; worm-grass.
Erect, native, perennial herb, 6 inches to 1½ feet high, found in rich woods, New Jersey to Florida, west to Texas and Wisconsin. Occurs principally in the Southern States.
Parts used.—Rhizome and roots (official).
Spignet. See Aralia racemosa.
Spikenard. See Aralia racemosa.
Spikenard, American. See Aralia racemosa.
Spikenard, false. See Vagnera racemosa.
Spikenard, small. See Aralia nudicaulis.
Spikenard, wild. See Vagnera racemosa.
Spindle-tree. See Euonymus atropurpureus.
Spiraea. See Spiraea tomentosa.
Spiraea tomentosa L.
Rose family (Rosaceae).
Spiraea; hardhack; steeplebush; pink meadowsweet; silverleaf.
Native shrub, occurring in low grounds and moist meadows from Nova Scotia south to Georgia, west to Kansas and Manitoba.
Parts used.—Leaves and root (nonofficial).
Spleenwortbush. See Comptonia peregrina.
Spruce, black. See Picea mariana.
Spruce, hemlock-. See Tsuga canadensis.
Spruce, weeping. See Tsuga canadensis.
Spruce-gum tree. See Picea mariana.
Spurge, flowering. See Euphorbia corollata.
Spurge, ipecac-. See Euphorbia ipecacuanhae.
Spurge, large spotted. See Euphorbia nutans.
Spurge, pill-bearing. See Euphorbia pilulifera.
Spurge-laurel. See Daphne mezereum.
Spurge-olive. See Daphne mezereum.
Squawberry. See Mitchella repens.
Squawbush. See Viburnum opulus.
Squawflower. See Trillium erectum.
Squawmint. See Hedeoma pulegioides.
Squawroot. See Caulophyllum thalictroides and Cimicifuga racemosa.
Squaw-vine. See Mitchella repens.
Squaw-weed. See Eupatorium ageratoides.
Squaw-weed, swamp. See Senecio aureus.
Squirrel-corn. See Bikukulla canadensis.
Squirrel-ear. See Peramium repens.
Staff-tree. See Celastrus scandens.
Stagbush. See Viburnum prunifolium.
Staggerweed. See Bikukulla canadensis.
Stag’s-horn. See Lycopodium clavatum.
Stammerwort. See Ambrosia artemisiaefolia.
Star-grass. See Aletris farinosa.
Starwort. See Chamaelirium luteum.
Starwort, drooping. See Chamaelirium luteum.
Statice caroliniana Walt. Same as Limonium carolinianum.
Steeplebush. See Spiraea tomentosa.
Stellaria media Cyr. Same as Alsine media.
Stillingia. See Stillingia sylvatica.
Stillingia sylvatica L.
Spurge family (Euphorbiaceae).
Stillingia; queen’s-root; queen’s-delight; silverleaf.
Native, herbaceous perennial, 1 to 3 feet in height, occurring in dry, sandy soil, and pine barrens from Maryland to Florida, west to Kansas and Texas.
Part used.—Root (official).
Stonecrop, ditch-. See Penthorum sedoides.
Stonecrop, Virginia. See Penthorum sedoides.
Stonemint. See Cunila origanoides.
Stone-oak. See Quercus alba.
Stoneroot. See Collinsonia canadensis.
Stramonium. See Datura stramonium.
Strawberry, scarlet. See Fragaria virginiana.
Strawberry, Virginia. See Fragaria virginiana.
Strawberry-shrub, hairy. See Butneria florida.
Stylosanthes biflora (L.) B. S. P.
Pea family (Fabaceae).
Synonym.—Stylosanthes elatior Sw.
Pencil-flower; afterbirth-weed.
Wiry, perennial herb, 6 inches to 2 feet in height, native; occurring in dry soil from New York to Florida, west to the Indian Territory.
Part used.—Herb (nonofficial).
Stylosanthes elatior Sw. Same as Stylosanthes biflora.
Succory. See Cichorium intybus.
Sumac, fragrant. See Rhus aromatica.
Sumac, mountain-. See Sorbus americana.
Sumac, scarlet. See Rhus glabra.
Sumac, smooth. See Rhus glabra.
Sumac, sweet-scented. See Rhus aromatica.
Summer-savory. See Satureia hortensis.
Sundew, round-leaved. See Drosera rotundifolia.
Sunflower, swamp-. See Helenium autumnale.
Swamp squaw-weed. See Senecio aureus.
Swamp willow-herb. See Epilobium palustre.
Swamp-cabbage. See Spathyema foetida.
Swamp-dogwood. See Cornus amomum.
Swamp-hellebore. See Veratrum viride.
Swamp-laurel. See Magnolia virginiana.
Swamp-maple. See Acer rubrum.
Swamp-milkweed. See Asclepias incarnata.
Swamp-sassafras. See Magnolia virginiana.
Swamp-silkweed. See Asclepias incarnata.
Swamp-sunflower. See Helenium autumnale.
Swamp-willow. See Salix nigra.
Sweatweed. See Althaea officinalis.
Sweet-cicely. See Washingtonia longistylis.
Sweet-flag. See Acorus calamus.
Sweet-gum. See Liquidambar styraciflua.
Sweetroot. See Polemonium reptans.
Symphytum officinale L.
Borage family (Boraginaceae).
Comfrey; healing-herb; blackwort; bruisewort.
Erect, perennial herb, 2 to 3 feet high, naturalized from Europe; found in waste places, Newfoundland to Minnesota, south to Maryland.
Part used.—Root (nonofficial).
Symplocarpus foetidus Nutt. Same as Spathyema foetida.
Tag-alder. See Alnus rugosa.
Tamarack. See Larix laricina.
Tanacetum. See Tanacetum vulgare.
Tanacetum vulgare L.
Aster family (Asteraceae).
Tanacetum; tansy; double tansy; bitter-buttons; parsley-fern.
Strong-scented, perennial herb, 1½ to 3 feet high, introduced from Europe; escaped from cultivation and found along roadsides from Nova Scotia to Minnesota, south to North Carolina and Missouri.
Parts used.—Leaves and flowering tops (official in U. S. P. 1890).
Tanbark-tree. See Tsuga canadensis.
Tansy. See Tanacetum vulgare.
Tansy, double. See Tanacetum vulgare.
Taraxacum. See Taraxacum officinale.
Taraxacum officinale Weber.[h]
Chicory family (Cichoriaceae).
Synonym.—Taraxacum taraxacum (L.) Karst.[h]
Taraxacum; dandelion; blowball; cankerwort.
Low, perennial weed, 5 to 10 inches high, naturalized from Europe; very abundant in lawns, meadows, and waste places throughout the United States, with the exception of the South.
Part used.—Root, collected in autumn (official).
Taraxacum taraxacum (L.) Karst. Same as Taraxacum officinale.
Tea, continental. See Ledum groenlandicum.
Tea, James-. See Ledum groenlandicum.
Tea, Jersey. See Ceanothus americanus.
Tea, Jerusalem. See Chenopodium ambrosioides.
Tea, Labrador. See Ledum groenlandicum.
Tea, Mexican. See Chenopodium ambrosioides.
Tea, mountain-. See Gaultheria procumbens.
Tea, New Jersey. See Ceanothus americanus.
Tea, Oswego. See Monarda didyma.
Tea, Spanish. See Chenopodium ambrosioides.
Teaberry. See Gaultheria procumbens.
Tephrosia virginiana Pers. Same as Cracca virginiana.
Tetterwort. See Chelidonium majus and Sanguinaria canadensis.
Thimbleberry. See Rubus occidentalis.
Thimbles. See Digitalis purpurea.
Thimbleweed. See Rudbeckia laciniata.
Thistle, bitter. See Cnicus benedictus.
Thistle, blessed. See Cnicus benedictus.
Thistle, Canada. See Carduus arvensis.
Thistle, creeping. See Carduus arvensis.
Thistle, cursed. See Carduus arvensis.
Thistle, holy. See Cnicus benedictus.
Thistle, St. Benedict’s-. See Cnicus benedictus.
Thistle, spotted. See Cnicus benedictus.
Thorn-apple. See Datura stramonium.
Thoroughwort. See Eupatorium perfoliatum.
Thousandleaf. See Achillea millefolium.
Throwwort. See Leonurus cardiaca.
Thuja occidentalis L.
Pine family (Pinaceae).
Arbor-vitae; white cedar; yellow cedar.
Indigenous, evergreen tree, 20 to 50 feet in height; in wet soil and along banks of streams, Canada to North Carolina, Illinois, and Minnesota. Especially abundant in Canada and the Northern States.
Parts used.—Branchlets and leaves (nonofficial).
Tiarella cordifolia L.
Saxifrage family (Saxifragaceae).
Coolwort; false miterwort; foamflower; gemfruit.
Slender, indigenous perennial, 6 to 12 inches high, found in rich, moist woods, Nova Scotia to Minnesota, south, especially along the mountains, to Georgia and Indiana.
Part used.—Herb (nonofficial).
Tickweed. See Hedeoma pulegioides.
Tilia americana L.
Linden family (Tiliaceae).
Synonym.—Tilia glabra Vent.
Basswood; American linden; whitewood.
Large, indigenous forest tree, 60 to 125 feet in height; in rich woods, especially along the mountains, from Canada to Georgia, west to Texas and Nebraska.
Part used.—Inflorescence of this and of other species of Tilia (nonofficial).
Tilia glabra Vent. Same as Tilia americana.
Tinker’s-weed. See Triosteum perfoliatum.
Tobacco, Indian. See Lobelia inflata.
Toothache-tree. See Fagara clava-herculis and Xanthoxylum americanum.
Touch-me-not, pale. See Impatiens aurea.
Touch-me-not, spotted. See Impatiens biflora.
Toywort. See Bursa bursa-pastoris.
Tree-primrose. See Oenothera biennis.
Trefoil, marsh-. See Menyanthes trifoliata.
Trefoil, shrubby. See Ptelea trifoliata.
Trefoil, sour. See Oxalis acetosella.
Trifolium pratense L.
Pea family (Fabaceae).
Red clover; meadow-clover; purple clover.
Perennial herb, 6 inches to 2 feet high; common in fields and meadows throughout the eastern United States; naturalized from Europe, and widely cultivated.
Part used.—Blossoms (nonofficial).
Trilisa odoratissima (Walt.) Cass.
Aster family (Asteraceae).
Synonym.—Liatris odoratissima Michx.
Vanilla-plant; deer’s-tongue; vanilla-leaf; Carolina vanilla.
Rather stout, native, perennial herb, 2 to 3 feet high, with fragrant leaves; in pine barrens from Virginia south to Florida and Louisiana.
Part used.—Leaves (nonofficial).
Trillium erectum L.
Lily-of-the-valley family (Convallariaceae).
Wake-robin; ill-scented bethroot; birthroot; squawflower.
Stout, native perennial, 8 to 16 inches high, growing in rich soil in damp, shady woods from Canada south to Tennessee and Missouri.
Part used.—Rhizome of this and of several other species of Trillium (nonofficial).
Triosteum perfoliatum L.
Honeysuckle family (Caprifoliaceae).
Feverroot; horse-gentian; tinker’s-weed; white gentian; wild ipecac.
Indigenous, perennial herb, 2 to 4 feet high; in rich soil in shady locations, Quebec to Minnesota, south to Alabama and Kansas.
Part used.—Root (nonofficial).
Triticum. See Agropyron repens.
Triticum repens Beauv. Same as Agropyron repens.
Trumpetleaf. See Sarracenia flava.
Trumpet-milkweed. See Lactuca canadensis.
Trumpets. See Sarracenia flava.
Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr.
Pine family (Pinaceae).
Synonym.—Abies canadensis Michx.
Hemlock; hemlock-spruce; weeping spruce; tanbark-tree.
Indigenous tree, about 75 feet in height, in forests from Canada south to Alabama and Wisconsin.
Parts used.—Bark and prepared resinous exudate (nonofficial).
Tulip-poplar. See Liriodendron tulipifera.
Tulip-tree. See Liriodendron tulipifera.
Tupelo gum. See Nyssa aquatica.
Tupelo, large. See Nyssa aquatica.
Tupelo, sour. See Nyssa ogeche.
Turkey-corn. See Bikukulla canadensis.
Turkey-pea. See Bikukulla canadensis.
Turnera aphrodisiaca Ward. Same as Turnera microphylla.
Turnera microphylla Desv.
Turnera family (Turneraceae).
Synonym.—Turnera aphrodisiaca Ward.
Damiana.
A small, shrubby plant, native of Lower California, Texas, and northern Mexico, growing in dry soil.
Part used.—Leaves (nonofficial).
Turnip, Indian. See Arisaema triphyllum.
Turnip, wild. See Arisaema triphyllum.
Turtle-head. See Chelone glabra.
Tussilago farfara L.
Aster family (Asteraceae).
Colt’s-foot; coughwort; horsefoot; gingerroot.
Perennial herb, 3 to 18 inches high, naturalized from Europe; in moist places along roadsides and brooks, northeastern United States and Minnesota to Canada.
Parts used.—Leaves and root (nonofficial).
Twinleaf. See Jeffersonia diphylla.
Typha latifolia L.
Cattail family (Typhaceae).
Broad-leaved cattail; cattail-flag; bulrush.
Native marsh plant, perennial, 4 to 8 feet high; found in marshes, ditches, muddy pools, and other wet places throughout North America, except extreme northern part.
Part used.—Root (nonofficial).
Ulmus. See Ulmus fulva.
Ulmus fulva Michx.
Elm family (Ulmaceae).
Synonym.—Ulmus pubescens Walt.
Ulmus; elm; slippery elm; red elm; moose-elm; Indian elm.
Indigenous tree, 50 to 60 feet high, growing on hills, along streams and in woods from Quebec to North Dakota, south to Florida and Texas. More common in the western part of its range.
Part used.—Bark deprived of its periderm (official).
Ulmus pubescens Walt. Same as Ulmus fulva.
Umbrella-tree. See Magnolia tripetala.
Unicorn-root, false. See Aletris farinosa.
Unicorn-root, true. See Chamaelirium luteum.
Upland-cranberry. See Arctostaphylos uva-ursi.
Urtica dioica L.
Nettle family (Urticaceae).
Stinging nettle; great nettle.
Herbaceous, perennial plant, 2 to 4 feet high, with stinging hairs; naturalized from Europe and found in waste places from Canada and Minnesota south to South Carolina and Missouri.
Parts used.—Flowers, leaves, and root (nonofficial).
Uva-ursi. See Arctostaphylos uva-ursi.
Uvedalia. See Polymnia uvedalia.
Uvularia perfoliata L.
Bunchflower family (Melanthiaceae).
Perfoliate bellwort; Mohawk-weed.
Native, perennial herb, 6 to 20 inches high; in moist woods and thickets, Quebec to Florida and Mississippi.
Part used.—Root (nonofficial).
Vagnera racemosa (L.) Morong.
Lily-of-the-valley family (Convallariaceae).
Synonyms.—Convallaria racemosa L.; Smilacina racemosa Desf.
False Solomon’s-seal; small Solomon’s-seal; wild spikenard; false spikenard.
Indigenous, perennial herb, 1 to 3 feet high, found in moist woods and thickets from Canada south to Georgia and Arizona.
Part used.—Root (nonofficial).
Valerian. See Valeriana officinalis.
Valerian, American. See Cypripedium hirsutum.
Valerian, American Greek. See Polemonium reptans.
Valerian, garden-. See Valeriana officinalis.
Valeriana. See Valeriana officinalis.
Valeriana officinalis L.
Valerian family (Valerianaceae).
Valeriana; valerian; garden-valerian; vandal-root.
Perennial herb, 2 to 5 feet high, native of Europe; escaped from gardens to roadsides in New York and New Jersey.
Parts used.—Rhizome and roots (official).
Vandal-root. See Valeriana officinalis.
Vanilla, Carolina. See Trilisa odoratissima.
Vanilla-leaf. See Trilisa odoratissima.
Vanilla-plant. See Trilisa odoratissima.
Velvet-plant. See Verbascum thapsus.
Veratrum. See Veratrum viride.
Veratrum viride Ait.
Bunchflower family (Melanthiaceae).
Veratrum; American hellebore; swamp-hellebore; green hellebore.
Native, perennial herb, 2 to 7 feet high, growing in swamps, wet woods, and meadows, Canada and Alaska, Minnesota south to Georgia.
Parts used.—Rhizome and roots of this or V. album (official).
Verbascum thapsus L.
Figwort family (Scrophulariaceae).