Doomsday DefenseHistorical text (1906). This is a 1906 catalog for drug collectors, not a treatment guide. Several plants listed (for example pokeweed, bloodroot and mayapple) are poisonous. Never self-treat with wild plants on the strength of a historical text.
Wild Medicinal Plants of the United States · 1906
Wild Medicinal Plants of the United States (part 1 of 4)
In the preparation of this bulletin only such wild medicinal plants as have a commercial value were considered; that is, such as were usually mentioned in the trade lists of drug dealers throughout the country. Plants that were found listed by only one or two firms have been omitted.
Both official and nonofficial drugs are included in this list. A number of drug plants that were official in the United States Pharmacopœia for 1890 have been dropped from the Eighth Decennial Revision (1900), which became official on September 1, 1905, and a few new ones have been added. In this bulletin the drugs that were official in the Pharmacopœia for 1890 are so indicated, while those of the new edition are marked simply “official.”
In the following list the information on each species is given under the accepted botanical name. This name and that of the family to which the plant belongs occupy the first line of the description. Botanical synonyms, if any, are mentioned, and these are followed in the next line by the most common names. A few words of information indicating the most important features of habit and stature, as well as the sort of situation in which found, together with the geographical distribution in the United States, are then given in each case. This information is too meager for the identification of the plants concerned in all cases, but it was impossible within the space limits of a publication such as this to include more descriptive matter. The parts of the plants used and the official status of the product close the description. Unless otherwise indicated, the products mentioned are used in the dried state.
Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.
Pine family (Pinaceae).
Balsam-fir; Canada balsam tree.
Slender, evergreen, native tree, 50 to 60 feet high, occurring in damp woods from Newfoundland to the high mountains of southwestern Virginia, west to Minnesota, and northward.
Parts used.—Balsam, known as Canada turpentine, Canada balsam, or balsam of fir (official); also bark (nonofficial).
Abies canadensis Michx. Same as Tsuga canadensis.
Abies nigra Desf. Same as Picea mariana.
Abscess-root. See Polemonium reptans.
Absinth. See Artemisia absinthium.
Absinthium. See Artemisia absinthium.
Acacia, false. See Robinia pseudacacia.
Acer rubrum L.
Maple family (Aceraceae).
Red maple; swamp-maple.
Large, native tree, often 120 feet in height, growing in swamps and low grounds from Canada to Florida and Texas.
Part used.—Bark (nonofficial).
Achillea millefolium L.
Aster family (Asteraceae).
Yarrow; milfoil; thousandleaf.
Perennial weed, 10 to 20 inches high, common in fields and waste places nearly throughout the United States, especially eastward; naturalized from Europe and Asia.
Part used.—Herb (nonofficial).
Acorus calamus L.
Arum family (Araceae).
Calamus; sweet-flag.
Native, herbaceous perennial, about 2 feet high, found in wet and muddy places and along streams from Nova Scotia to Minnesota, southward to Florida and Texas.
Part used.—Unpeeled, dried rhizome (official).
Actaea alba (L.) Mill.
Crowfoot family (Ranunculaceae).
White cohosh; white baneberry; necklace-weed; rattlesnake-herb.
Native, perennial herb, 1 to 2 feet high, found in rich woods from Nova Scotia to Georgia and Missouri, and northward; most common from Indiana and Kentucky to Pennsylvania and New York.
Parts used.—Rhizome and rootlets (nonofficial).
Actaea racemosa L. Same as Cimicifuga racemosa.
Actaea rubra (Ait.) Willd.
Crowfoot family (Ranunculaceae).
Synonym.—Actaea spicata var. rubra Ait.
Red cohosh; red baneberry; rattlesnake-herb.
Native, perennial herb, 1 to 2 feet high, found in woods from Nova Scotia to the Middle States, west to the Rocky Mountains; most abundant from New England to Ontario.
Parts used.—Rhizome and rootlets (nonofficial).
Actaea spicata var. rubra Ait. Same as Actaea rubra.
Adam-and-Eve. See Aplectrum spicatum.
Adder’s-tongue, yellow. See Erythronium americanum.
Adiantum pedatum L.
Fern family (Polypodiaceae).
Maidenhair-fern.
Native fern, 9 to 15 inches high, growing in rich moist soil in woods in Canada and almost all parts of the United States.
Part used.—Herb (nonofficial).
Aesculus glabra Willd.
Buckeye family (Aesculaceae).
Ohio buckeye; fetid buckeye; smooth buckeye.
Small, native tree, 20 to 40 feet in height, found in woods and on river banks from Pennsylvania south to Alabama, westward to Michigan and the Indian Territory.
Parts used.—Bark and fruit (nonofficial).
Aesculus hippocastanum L.
Buckeye family (Aesculaceae).
Horse-chestnut.
Large tree, 60 feet or more in height. Escaped from cultivation, southeastern New York and New Jersey. Native of Asia.
Parts used.—Bark and fruit (nonofficial).
Afterbirth-weed. See Stylosanthes biflora.
Agrimonia eupatoria (of American authors, not L.). Same as Agrimonia hirsuta.
Agrimonia hirsuta (Muhl.) Bicknell.
Rose family (Rosaceae).
Synonym.—Agrimonia eupatoria of most American authors, not L.[a]
Agrimony; tall hairy agrimony.
Perennial herb, 3 to 4 feet high, found in woods and thickets from New Brunswick to Minnesota and Nebraska, south to North Carolina; also in California. Native.
Part used.—Herb (nonofficial).
Agrimony. See Agrimonia hirsuta.
Agrimony, tall hairy. See Agrimonia hirsuta.
Agropyron repens (L.) Beauv.
Grass family (Poaceae).
Synonym.—Triticum repens Beauv.
Triticum; couch-grass; dog-grass; quack-grass.
A troublesome grass in cultivated land from Maine to Maryland, west to Minnesota and Missouri; sparingly distributed in the South. Introduced from Europe.
Part used.—Rhizome, gathered in spring (official).
Ague-tree. See Sassafras variifolium.
Agueweed. See Eupatorium perfoliatum and Gentiana quinquefolia.
Alder, black. See Ilex verticillata.
Alder, common. See Alnus rugosa.
Alder, red. See Alnus rugosa.
Alder, smooth. See Alnus rugosa.
Alder, tag-. See Alnus rugosa.
Aletris farinosa L.
Lily family (Liliaceae).
Star-grass; false (not true) unicorn-root;[b] colic-root.
Native, perennial herb, 2 to 3 feet high; in dry, sandy soil from Maine to Minnesota, south to Florida and Tennessee.
Part used.—Rhizome (nonofficial), gathered after the plant has flowered.
Allspice, Carolina. See Butneria florida.
Allspice, Florida. See Butneria florida.
Allspice, wild. See Benzoin benzoin.
Alnus rugosa (Du Roi) K. Koch.
Birch family (Betulaceae).
Synonym.—Alnus serrulata Willd.
Tag-alder; common alder; red alder; smooth alder.
Native shrub, or sometimes a small tree, occurring in swamps and marshy borders of streams from the New England States west to Minnesota and southward to Florida and Texas.
Part used.—Bark (nonofficial).
Alnus serrulata Willd. Same as Alnus rugosa.
Alsine media L.
Pink family (Silenaceae).
Synonym.—Stellaria media Cyr.
Common chickweed.
Small, annual herb, probably introduced from Europe, and now common in fields and around dwellings throughout the United States.
Part used.—Herb (nonofficial).
Althaea. See Althaea officinalis.
Althaea officinalis L.
Mallow family (Malvaceae).
Althaea; marshmallow; sweatweed; mortification-root.
Perennial herb, 2 to 4 feet high, naturalized from Europe; occurs in salt marshes, coast of Massachusetts and New York, and in Pennsylvania.
Parts used.—Root from plants of second year’s growth, deprived of the periderm (official); leaves and flowers (nonofficial) are also used.
Alum-root. See Geranium maculatum and Heuchera americana.
Ambrosia artemisiaefolia L.
Ragweed family (Ambrosiaceae).
Roman wormwood; ragweed; hogweed; stammerwort.
Coarse, native weed, annual, 1 to 3 feet high; in waste places, eastern United States, west to British Columbia and Mexico.
Part used.—Herb (nonofficial).
Ampelopsis quinquefolia Michx. Same as Parthenocissus quinquefolia.
Amy-root. See Apocynum cannabinum.
Anagallis arvensis L.
Primrose family (Primulaceae).
Red chickweed; red pimpernel; scarlet pimpernel; shepherd’s-weatherglass.
Low, spreading, annual herb, naturalized from Europe, and growing along roadsides and in fields almost throughout the United States.
Part used.—Herb (nonofficial).
Anaphalis margaritacea (L.) Benth. & Hook.
Aster family (Asteraceae).
Synonyms.—Gnaphalium margaritaceum L.; Antennaria margaritacea Hook.
Everlasting; pearly everlasting; large-flowered everlasting; cottonweed.
White-hairy or woolly perennial herb, native in dry soil from Newfoundland to Alaska, south to North Carolina and California.
Part used.—Leaves (nonofficial).
Andromeda arborea L. Same as Oxydendrum arboreum.
Anemone patens var. nuttalliana A. Gray. Same as Pulsatilla hirsutissima.
Angelica, American. See Angelica atropurpurea.
Angelica atropurpurea L.
Parsley family (Apiaceae).
Synonym.—Archangelica atropurpurea Hoffm.
Purple-stemmed angelica; American angelica; masterwort.
Tall, stout, perennial herb, 4 to 6 feet high; native in swamps and damp places from Labrador to Delaware and west to Minnesota.
Parts used.—Root and seeds (nonofficial).
Angelica, purple-stemmed. See Angelica atropurpurea.
Anise-root. See Washingtonia longistylis.
Antennaria margaritacea Hook. Same as Anaphalis margaritacea.
Anthemis cotula L.
Aster family (Asteraceae).
Synonym.—Maruta cotula DC.
Mayweed; dog-fennel; fetid camomile (or chamomile).
Strong-scented, annual herb, naturalized from Europe; occurs in dry soil, fields, waste places, and along roadsides almost throughout North America, with the exception of the extreme North.
Part used.—Herb (nonofficial).
Aplectrum hyemale Nutt. Same as Aplectrum spicatum.
Aplectrum spicatum (Walt.) B. S. P.
Orchid family (Orchidaceae).
Synonym.—Aplectrum hyemale Nutt.
Adam-and-Eve; putty-root.
Native herb, perennial, 1 to 2 feet high; in rich woods and swamps from Canada to Georgia and California.
Part used.—Root (nonofficial).
Apocynum. See Apocynum cannabinum.
Apocynum androsaemifolium L.
Dogbane family (Apocynaceae).
Bitterroot; spreading dogbane; honeybloom.
Perennial herb, 1 to 4 feet high, native in fields and thickets from Canada south to Georgia and Arizona. The most common species in Canada and the Northeastern States.
Part used.—Root (nonofficial).
Apocynum cannabinum L.
Dogbane family (Apocynaceae).
Apocynum; Canadian hemp; black Indian hemp; amy-root.
Perennial herb, 2 to 3 feet high, native in moist ground and borders of fields throughout the United States.
Part used.—Rhizome of this or of closely allied species of Apocynum (official).
Apple, custard-. See Asimina triloba.
Apple, May-. See Podophyllum peltatum.
Apple, thorn-. See Datura stramonium.
Apple-of-Peru. See Datura stramonium.
Aquilegia canadensis L. See under Aquilegia vulgaris.
Aquilegia vulgaris L.
Crowfoot family (Ranunculaceae).
European columbine; garden-columbine.
Perennial herb, with showy flowers. Naturalized from Europe, and well known in cultivation; escaped from gardens into woods and fields; frequent in the Eastern and Middle States. The wild columbine (Aquilegia canadensis L.), occurring in rocky woods throughout Canada and the eastern United States, is said to possess properties similar to those of the European columbine.
Part used.—Herb (nonofficial).
Aralia hispida Vent.
Ginseng family (Araliaceae).
Dwarf elder; wild elder; bristly sarsaparilla.
Erect, leafy perennial, 1 to 3 feet high, native in sandy woods and fields from Labrador south to North Carolina, west to Minnesota and Indiana.
Part used.—Root (nonofficial).
Aralia nudicaulis L.
Ginseng family (Araliaceae).
American sarsaparilla; wild sarsaparilla; false sarsaparilla; Virginian sarsaparilla; small spikenard.
Herbaceous perennial, native, growing in moist woods from Newfoundland west to Manitoba and south to North Carolina and Missouri.
Part used.—Root (nonofficial).
Aralia racemosa L.
Ginseng family (Araliaceae).
Indian-root; spikenard; American spikenard; spignet.
Herbaceous perennial, native, 3 to 6 feet high, growing in rich woods and rocky places from Canada to Georgia, west to Minnesota and Missouri.
Part used.—Root (nonofficial).
Arbor-vitae. See Thuja occidentalis.
Arbutus, trailing. See Epigaea repens.
Archangelica atropurpurea Hoffm. Same as Angelica atropurpurea.
Arctium lappa L.
Aster family (Asteraceae).
Synonym.—Lappa major Gaertn.
Lappa; burdock; cockle-button; beggars’-buttons; bardane.
Coarse, biennial weed, 4 to 9 feet high, introduced from the Old World, and occurring along roadsides and in fields and waste places in the Eastern and Central States.
Parts used.—Root of this or of other species of Arctium collected from plants of first year’s growth (official). The fresh leaves and the seeds are also used (nonofficial).
Arctostaphylos glauca Lindl.
Heath family (Ericaceae).
Manzanita.
A shrub-like tree, 9 to 25 feet high, growing in California, in dry, rocky districts on the western slopes of the Sierras.
Part used.—Leaves (nonofficial).
Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.
Heath family (Ericaceae).
Uva-ursi; bearberry; upland-cranberry.
Low, evergreen perennial, with trailing stems, native in rocky or dry, sandy soils from the Middle Atlantic States north to Labrador, westward to California and Alaska.
Part used.—Leaves (official).
Arisaema triphyllum (L.) Torr.
Arum family (Araceae).
Synonym.—Arum triphyllum L.
Indian turnip; wild turnip; wake-robin; Jack-in-the-pulpit.
Native, perennial herb, 10 inches to 3 feet high, found in moist woods from Canada to Florida, west to Kansas and Minnesota.
Part used.—Partially dried corm (nonofficial).
Aristolochia reticulata Nutt.
Birthwort family (Aristolochiaceae).
Serpentaria; Texas serpentaria; Texas snakeroot; Red River snakeroot.
Perennial herb, about 1½ feet in height, native in the Southwestern States, occurring on river banks from Arkansas to Louisiana.
Parts used.—Rhizome and roots (official).
Aristolochia serpentaria L.
Birthwort family (Aristolochiaceae).
Serpentaria; Virginia serpentaria; Virginia snakeroot.
Native, perennial herb, 10 inches to 3 feet high, found in rich woods from Connecticut to Michigan and southward.
Parts used.—Rhizome and roots (official).
Arrowwood. See Viburnum dentatum.
Arrowwood, Indian. See Euonymus atropurpureus.
Artemisia abrotanum L.
Aster family (Asteraceae).
Southernwood.
Shrubby, perennial herb, about 2 to 4 feet in height, occurring in waste places from Massachusetts to Nebraska. Adventive from Europe.
Part used.—Herb (nonofficial).
Artemisia absinthium L.
Aster family (Asteraceae).
Absinthium; wormwood; absinth.
Shrubby, perennial herb, 2 to 3 feet high, naturalized from Europe, and occurring in waste places and along roadsides from Newfoundland to New York and westward.
Parts used.—Leaves and tops (official in U. S. P. 1890).
Artemisia vulgaris L.
Aster family (Asteraceae).
Common mugwort.
Perennial herb, 1 to 3½ feet high, naturalized from Europe; found in waste places, Nova Scotia to the Middle States and westward to Michigan.
Part used.—Herb (nonofficial).
Arum triphyllum L. Same as Arisaema triphyllum.
Asarum canadense L.
Birthwort family (Aristolochiaceae).
Canada snakeroot; wild ginger; Indian ginger.
Perennial herb, about 1 foot in height, native in rich woods from Canada to North Carolina and Kansas.
Parts used.—Rhizome and rootlets (nonofficial).
Asclepias. See Asclepias tuberosa.
Asclepias cornuti Dec. Same as Asclepias syriaca.
Asclepias incarnata L.
Milkweed family (Asclepiadaceae).
White Indian hemp; swamp-milkweed; swamp-silkweed; rose-colored silkweed.
Perennial herb, 2 to 4 feet high, native in swamps from Canada to Tennessee and Kansas.
Part used.—Root (nonofficial).
Asclepias syriaca L.
Milkweed family (Asclepiadaceae).
Synonym.—Asclepias cornuti Dec.
Common milkweed; silkweed.
Perennial herb, 3 to 5 feet high, native in fields and waste places from Canada to North Carolina and Kansas.
Part used.—Root (nonofficial).
Asclepias tuberosa L.
Milkweed family (Asclepiadaceae).
Asclepias; pleurisy-root; butterfly-weed; Canada-root; whiteroot.
Native, perennial herb, 1 to 2 feet high, growing in dry fields from Canada to Florida and Arizona; most abundant southward.
Part used.—Root (official in U. S. P. 1890).
Ash, American mountain-. See Sorbus americana.
Ash, black. See Fraxinus nigra.
Ash, cane-. See Fraxinus americana.
Ash, hoop-. See Fraxinus nigra.
Ash, prickly. See Fagara clava-herculis and Xanthoxylum americanum.
Ash, wafer-. See Ptelea trifoliata.
Ash, white. See Fraxinus americana.
Asimina triloba (L.) Dunal.
Custard-apple family (Anonaceae).
North American pawpaw; custard-apple.
Small, native tree, growing in rich soil along the banks of streams from New York to Michigan and southward. Most common in the Ohio Valley.
Part used.—Seed (nonofficial).
Aspen, American. See Populus tremuloides.
Aspen, quaking. See Populus tremuloides.
Aspidium. See Dryopteris filix-mas and D. marginalis.
Aspidium filix-mas Sw. Same as Dryopteris filix-mas.
Aspidium marginale Sw. Same as Dryopteris marginalis.
Asplenium filix-foemina (L.) Bernh. Same as Athyrium filix-foemina.
Aster puniceus L.
Aster family (Asteraceae).
Red-stalked aster; cocash; meadow-scabish.
Perennial herb, with stout, reddish stem, 3 to 8 feet high, native; in swamps and on banks of streams, Nova Scotia to Minnesota, south to North Carolina, Ohio, and Michigan.
Part used.—Root (nonofficial).
Aster, red-stalked. See Aster puniceus.
Asthma-weed, Queensland. See Euphorbia pilulifera.
Athyrium filix-foemina (L.) Roth.
Fern family (Polypodiaceae).
Synonym.—Asplenium filix-foemina (L.) Bernh.
Backache-brake; female-fern; lady-fern.
Native fern, with leaves 1 to 3 feet long; in woods and thickets, Canada to Alaska, southward to Florida and Arizona.
Part used.—Rhizome (nonofficial).
Avens, purple. See Geum rivale.
Avens, water-. See Geum rivale.
Backache-brake. See Athyrium filix-foemina.
Backache-root. See Lacinaria spicata.
Balm. See Melissa officinalis.
Balm, bee-. See Monarda didyma.
Balm, field-. See Glecoma hederacea.
Balm, garden-. See Melissa officinalis.
Balm, horse-. See Collinsonia canadensis.
Balm, lemon-. See Melissa officinalis.
Balm, mountain-. See Eriodictyon californicum.
Balm, scarlet. See Monarda didyma.
Balm, sweet. See Melissa officinalis.
Balm-of-Gilead. See Populus candicans.
Balmony. See Chelone glabra.
Balsam, sweet. See Gnaphalium obtusifolium.
Balsam tree, Canada. See Abies balsamea.
Balsam, white. See Gnaphalium obtusifolium.
Balsam-fir. See Abies balsamea.
Bamboo-brier. See Smilax pseudo-china.
Baneberry, red. See Actaea rubra.
Baneberry, white. See Actaea alba.
Baptisia tinctoria (L.) R. Br.
Pea family (Fabaceae).
Wild indigo; yellow indigo; American indigo; indigo-weed; horsefly-weed.
Native, perennial herb, 2 to 3 feet high, growing in dry, poor soil from Maine to Minnesota, south to Florida and Louisiana.
Parts used.—Root and leaves (nonofficial).
Barberry, holly-leaved. See Berberis aquifolium.
Bardane. See Arctium lappa.
Basswood. See Tilia americana.
Bay, rose-. See Rhododendron maximum.
Bay, sweet. See Magnolia virginiana.
Bay, white. See Magnolia virginiana.
Bayberry. See Myrica cerifera.
Bean, bog-. See Menyanthes trifoliata.
Bean, buck-. See Menyanthes trifoliata.
Bean, hog’s-. See Hyoscyamus niger.
Bearberry. See Arctostaphylos uva-ursi.
Bearberry-tree. See Rhamnus purshiana.
Bear’s-foot, yellow. See Polymnia uvedalia.
Bear’s-weed. See Eriodictyon californicum.
Beaver-poison. See Cicuta maculata.
Beaverroot. See Nymphaea advena.
Beaver-tree. See Magnolia virginiana.
Bedstraw. See Galium aparine.
Bee-balm. See Monarda didyma.
Beech, American. See Fagus americana.
Beechdrops. See Leptamnium virginianum.
Beechnut-tree. See Fagus americana.
Bee-plant. See Scrophularia marilandica.
Beggars’-buttons. See Arctium lappa.
Bellwort, perfoliate. See Uvularia perfoliata.
Benjamin-bush. See Benzoin benzoin.
Bennet. See Pimpinella saxifraga.
Benzoin benzoin (L.) Coulter.
Laurel family (Lauraceae).
Synonyms.—Laurus benzoin L.; Lindera benzoin Meissn.; Benzoin odoriferum Nees.
Spicebush; feverbush; Benjamin-bush; wild allspice; spicewood.
Indigenous shrub, 5 to 12 feet high; in damp, shady woods, and along streams, Massachusetts to Michigan, south to North Carolina and Kansas.
Parts used.—Bark and berries (nonofficial).
Benzoin odoriferum Nees. Same as Benzoin benzoin.
Berberis. See Berberis aquifolium.
Berberis aquifolium Pursh.
Barberry family (Berberidaceae).
Berberis; Oregon grape; holly-leaved barberry; Rocky Mountain grape.
A shrub, native in woods from Colorado to the Pacific Ocean; especially abundant in Oregon and northern California.
Parts used.—Rhizome and roots of this and of other species of Berberis (official).
Bergamot, wild. See Monarda fistulosa.
Bethroot, ill-scented. See Trillium erectum.
Betony, Paul’s-. See Veronica officinalis.
Betula lenta L.
Birch family (Betulaceae).
Sweet birch; black birch; cherry birch.
Large, indigenous forest tree; Newfoundland to Ontario, south to Florida and Tennessee.
Part used.—Bark (nonofficial). Oil of betula, obtained by maceration and distillation from the bark, is official.
Bikukulla canadensis (Goldie) Millsp.
Poppy family (Papaveraceae).
Synonyms.—Corydalis formosa Pursh; Corydalis canadensis Goldie; Dicentra canadensis Walp.
Turkey-corn; squirrel-corn; turkey-pea; staggerweed.
Native, perennial plant, 6 to 12 inches high; in rich woods from Nova Scotia south along the mountains to Kentucky, and westward to Missouri and Minnesota.
Part used.—Tubers (nonofficial).
Birch, black. See Betula lenta.
Birch, cherry. See Betula lenta.
Birch, sweet. See Betula lenta.
Bird’s-foot violet. See Viola pedata.
Birthroot. See Trillium erectum.
Bitterbloom. See Sabbatia angularis.
Bitter-buttons. See Tanacetum vulgare.
Bitterroot. See Apocynum androsaemifolium.
Bittersweet. See Solanum dulcamara.
Bittersweet, false. See Celastrus scandens.
Bitterweed. See Erigeron canadensis.
Blackberry, high-bush. See Rubus nigrobaccus.
Blackberry, knee-high. See Rubus cuneifolius.
Blackberry, low running. See Rubus procumbens.
Blackberry, low-bush. See Rubus trivialis.
Blackberry, sand-. See Rubus cuneifolius.
Blackcap. See Rubus occidentalis.
Blackroot. See Veronica virginica.
Blackroot, Indian. See Pterocaulon undulatum.
Blackwort. See Symphytum officinale.
Bladderpod. See Lobelia inflata.
Blazingstar. See Chamaelirium luteum.
Blazingstar, blue. See Lacinaria scariosa.
Blazingstar, scaly. See Lacinaria squarrosa.
Bloodroot. See Sanguinaria canadensis.
Bloodwort. See Hieracium venosum.
Bloodwort, striped. See Hieracium venosum.
Blowball. See Taraxacum officinale.
Blue-curls. See Prunella vulgaris.
Bog-bean. See Menyanthes trifoliata.
Bog-myrtle. See Myrica gale.
Boneset. See Eupatorium perfoliatum.
Boneset, deerwort-. See Eupatorium ageratoides.
Boneset, purple. See Eupatorium purpureum.
Bouncing-Bet. See Saponaria officinalis.
Bowman’s-root. See Porteranthus trifoliatus and Veronica virginica.
Boxwood. See Cornus florida.
Brake, backache-. See Athyrium filix-foemina.
Brake, buckhorn-. See Osmunda regalis.
Brake, rock-. See Polypodium vulgare.
Brassica nigra (L.) Koch.
Mustard family (Brassicaceae).
Synonym.—Sinapis nigra L.
Sinapis nigra; black mustard; brown mustard; red mustard.
Annual herb, introduced from Europe; found in fields and waste places almost throughout the United States.
Part used.—Seed (official); the volatile oil obtained from black mustard seed is also official.
Brauneria angustifolia (DC.) Heller.
Aster family (Asteraceae).
Synonym.—Echinacea angustifolia DC.
Echinacea; pale-purple coneflower; Sampson-root; niggerhead (in Kansas).
Native, perennial, herbaceous plant, 2 to 3 feet high, occurring in rich prairie soil or sandy soil from Alabama to Texas and northwestward; most abundant in Kansas and Nebraska.
Part used.—Root (nonofficial).
Broom. See Cytisus scoparius.
Broom, green. See Cytisus scoparius.
Broom, Scotch. See Cytisus scoparius.
Brownwort. See Prunella vulgaris.
Bruisewort. See Symphytum officinale.
Buck-bean. See Menyanthes trifoliata.
Buckeye, fetid. See Aesculus glabra.
Buckeye, Ohio. See Aesculus glabra.
Buckeye, smooth. See Aesculus glabra.
Buckhorn-brake. See Osmunda regalis.
Buckthorn. See Rhamnus cathartica.
Bugle, sweet. See Lycopus virginicus.
Bugle, water-. See Lycopus virginicus.
Bugleweed. See Lycopus virginicus.
Bullbrier. See Smilax pseudo-china.
Bull-nettle. See Solanum carolinense.
Bulrush. See Typha latifolia.
Burdock. See Arctium lappa.
Burnet-saxifrage. See Pimpinella saxifraga.
Burningbush. See Euonymus atropurpureus.
Bursa bursa-pastoris (L.) Britton.
Mustard family (Brassicaceae).
Synonym.—Capsella bursa-pastoris Medic.
Shepherd’s-purse; cocowort; toywort.
Annual plant, about 1 foot in height, found in fields and waste places; widely distributed. Introduced from Europe.
Part used.—Herb (nonofficial).
Burseed, spiny. See Xanthium spinosum.
Burweed, thorny. See Xanthium spinosum.
Butneria florida (L.) Kearney.
Strawberry-shrub family (Calycanthaceae).
Synonym.—Calycanthus floridus L.
Hairy strawberry-shrub; sweet-scented shrub; Carolina allspice; Florida allspice.
Native shrub, 4 to 8 feet high; in rich soil, Virginia to Mississippi.
Part used.—Bark (nonofficial).
Butterfly-weed. See Asclepias tuberosa.
Butternut. See Juglans cinerea.
Buttonbush. See Cephalanthus occidentalis.
Button-snakeroot. See Eryngium yuccifolium.
Button-snakeroot, dense. See Lacinaria spicata.
Button-snakeroot, large. See Lacinaria scariosa.
Button-tree. See Cephalanthus occidentalis.
Buttonwood-shrub. See Cephalanthus occidentalis.
Cabbage, skunk-. See Spathyema foetida.
Cabbage, swamp-. See Spathyema foetida.
Calamus. See Acorus calamus.
Calfkill. See Kalmia angustifolia.
Calico-bush. See Kalmia latifolia.
Calycanthus floridus L. Same as Butneria florida.
Camomile, fetid. See Anthemis cotula.
Canada balsam tree. See Abies balsamea.
Canada-root. See Asclepias tuberosa.
Cancerroot. See Leptamnium virginianum.
Candleberry. See Myrica cerifera.
Cane-ash. See Fraxinus americana.
Cankerroot. See Coptis trifolia and Limonium carolinianum.
Canker-weed. See Nabalus serpentarius.
Canker-weed, white. See Nabalus albus.
Cankerwort. See Taraxacum officinale.
Canoewood. See Liriodendron tulipifera.
Capsella bursa-pastoris Medic. Same as Bursa bursa-pastoris.
Cardinal, red. See Lobelia cardinalis.
Cardinal-flower. See Lobelia cardinalis.
Cardinal-flower, blue. See Lobelia siphilitica.
Carduus arvensis (L.) Robs.
Aster family (Asteraceae).
Synonym.—Cirsium arvense Scop.
Canada thistle; creeping thistle; cursed thistle.
Perennial herb, 1 to 3 feet high; growing in cultivated fields, pastures, and waste places from Newfoundland to Virginia, west to Minnesota and Nebraska. A bad weed, introduced from Europe.
Part used.—Root (nonofficial).
Carduus benedictus Auct. Same as Cnicus benedictus.
Carpenter’s-square. See Scrophularia marilandica.
Carrion-flower. See Smilax herbacea.
Carrot, wild. See Daucus carota.
Carya alba Nutt. Same as Hicoria ovata.
Cascara sagrada. See Rhamnus purshiana.
Cassia marilandica L.
Senna family (Caesalpiniaceae).
American senna; wild senna; locust-plant.
Native, perennial herb; in swamps and wet soil, New England to Florida, west to Louisiana and Nebraska.
Part used.—Leaves (nonofficial).
Castalia odorata (Dryand.) Woodv. & Wood.
Water-lily family (Nymphaeaceae).
Synonym.—Nymphaea odorata Dryand.
White pond-lily; water-lily; sweet-scented water-lily.
Indigenous, aquatic herb; perennial; in ponds, marshes, and sluggish streams, from Canada to Florida and Louisiana.
Part used.—Rhizome (nonofficial).
Castanea. See Castanea dentata.
Castanea dentata (Marsh.) Borkh.
Beech family (Fagaceae).
Castanea; chestnut; American chestnut.
A large, spreading tree, occurring in rich woods from Maine to Michigan, south to Tennessee. Especially abundant in the Allegheny region. Native.
Part used.—Leaves (official in U. S. P. 1890).
Catchweed. See Galium aparine.
Catfoot. See Glecoma hederacea.
Catgut. See Cracca virginiana.
Catmint. See Nepeta cataria.
Catnip. See Nepeta cataria.
Cattail, broad-leaved. See Typha latifolia.
Cattail-flag. See Typha latifolia.
Caulophyllum. See Caulophyllum thalictroides.
Caulophyllum thalictroides (L.) Michx.
Barberry family (Berberidaceae).
Caulophyllum; blue cohosh; squawroot; papoose-root.
Native, perennial herb, 1 to 3 feet high; found in rich, shady woods from New Brunswick to South Carolina, westward to Nebraska; abundant throughout the Allegheny Mountain region.
Parts used.—Rhizome and roots (official in U. S. P. 1890).
Ceanothus americanus L.
Buckthorn family (Rhamnaceae).
Jersey tea; New Jersey tea; redroot.
A native shrub, growing in dry, open woods from Canada to Florida and Texas.
Parts used.—Root, root-bark, and leaves (nonofficial).
Cedar, red. See Juniperus virginiana.
Cedar, shrubby red. See Juniperus sabina.
Cedar, white. See Thuja occidentalis.
Cedar, yellow. See Thuja occidentalis.
Celandine. See Chelidonium majus.
Celandine, garden-. See Chelidonium majus.
Celandine, great. See Chelidonium majus.
Celandine, wild. See Impatiens aurea.
Celastrus scandens L.
Staff-tree family (Celastraceae).
False bittersweet; staff-tree; waxwork; fevertwig.
An indigenous, twining, woody vine; in rich, damp soil, woods, and thickets, Ontario to Manitoba, south to North Carolina and New Mexico.
Part used.—Bark of plant and of root (nonofficial).
Centaurea benedicta L. Same as Cnicus benedictus.
Centaury, American. See Sabbatia angularis.
Centaury, ground-. See Polygala nuttallii.
Cephalanthus occidentalis L.
Madder family (Rubiaceae).
Buttonbush; button-tree; buttonwood-shrub; globeflower.
Indigenous shrub, 6 to 12 feet high; in swamps and damp places, Canada to Florida and California.
Part used.—Bark (nonofficial).
Cercis canadensis L.
Senna family (Caesalpiniaceae).
Judas-tree; redbud.
Small, native tree, growing in rich soil from New Jersey to Minnesota, south to Florida and Texas.
Part used.—Bark of root (nonofficial).
Chamaelirium luteum (L.) A. Gray.
Bunchflower family (Melanthiaceae).
Synonym.—Helonias dioica Pursh.
True (not false) unicorn-root;[c] blazingstar; starwort; drooping starwort.
Slender, perennial herb, about 2 feet high; native in moist meadows and thickets from Massachusetts to Michigan, south to Florida and Arkansas.
Part used.—Rhizome (nonofficial).
Chamaenerion angustifolium (L.) Scop.
Evening-primrose family (Onagraceae).
Synonym.—Epilobium angustifolium L.
Great willow-herb; wickup.
Native, perennial herb, 2 to 8 feet high, found in dry soil from Canada to Alaska, south to North Carolina, Arizona, and California. Very common from Pennsylvania northward.
Parts used.—Leaves and root (nonofficial).
Chamomile, fetid. See Anthemis cotula.
Champion-oak. See Quercus rubra.
Checkerberry. See Gaultheria procumbens and Mitchella repens.
Cheeseflower. See Malva sylvestris.
Cheeses. See Malva rotundifolia.
Chelidonium. See Chelidonium majus.
Chelidonium majus L.
Poppy family (Papaveraceae).
Chelidonium; celandine; garden-celandine; great celandine; tetterwort.
Perennial herb, 1 to 2 feet high, growing along fences, roadsides, and in waste places; common in the East. Naturalized from Europe.
Part used.—Entire plant (official in U. S. P. 1890).
Chelone glabra L.
Figwort family (Scrophulariaceae).
Balmony; turtle-head; shellflower; snakehead; salt-rheum weed.
Native, perennial, herbaceous plant, 2 to 3 feet high; in swamps and along streams, Newfoundland to Manitoba, south to Florida and Kansas.
Part used.—Herb, and especially the leaves (nonofficial).
Chenopodium. See Chenopodium ambrosioides and C. anthelminticum.
Chenopodium ambrosioides L.
Goosefoot family (Chenopodiaceae).
Chenopodium; Mexican tea; American wormseed; Jerusalem tea; Spanish tea.
Strong-scented herb, 2 to 3 feet high, annual; naturalized from tropical America, and occurring in waste places, meadows, and pastures from New England to Florida, west to California.
Part used.—Fruit (official in U. S. P. 1890).
Chenopodium anthelminticum L.
Goosefoot family (Chenopodiaceae).
Chenopodium; wormseed; Jerusalem oak.
Annual, sometimes perennial, herb, usually taller than C. ambrosioides, naturalized from Europe, and found in waste places from southern New York to Wisconsin, south to Florida and Mexico.
Parts used.—Fruit (official in U. S. P. 1890). The oil of chenopodium, distilled from this plant, is official.
Chenopodium botrys L.
Goosefoot family (Chenopodiaceae).
Jerusalem oak.
Annual herb, about 2 feet high, introduced from Europe; found in waste places from Nova Scotia to New York and Kentucky, westward to Oregon.
Parts used.—Herb and seeds (nonofficial).
Cherry birch. See Betula lenta.
Cherry, rum-. See Prunus serotina.
Cherry, wild. See Prunus serotina.
Chervil, sweet. See Washingtonia longistylis.
Chestnut. See Castanea dentata.
Chestnut, American. See Castanea dentata.
Chestnut, horse-. See Aesculus hippocastanum.
Chickentoe. See Corallorhiza odontorhiza.
Chickweed, common. See Alsine media.
Chickweed, red. See Anagallis arvensis.
Chicory. See Cichorium intybus.
Chimaphila. See Chimaphila umbellata.
Chimaphila umbellata (L.) Nutt.
Wintergreen family (Pyrolaceae).
Chimaphila; pipsissewa; prince’s-pine; bitter wintergreen; rheumatism-weed.
Small, perennial herb, native in dry, shady woods, especially in pine forests, from Nova Scotia to Georgia, west to California.
Part used.—Leaves (official).
China-root, American. See Smilax pseudo-china.
China-root, false. See Smilax pseudo-china.
Chionanthus virginica L.
Olive family (Oleaceae).
Fringe-tree; old-man’s-beard.
A shrub or small tree, native in moist thickets from Delaware to Florida and Texas.
Part used.—Bark of root (nonofficial).
Chittem-bark. See Rhamnus purshiana.
Chrysanthemum leucanthemum L.
Aster family (Asteraceae).
Synonym.—Leucanthemum vulgare Lam.
Oxeye daisy; white daisy.
Perennial herb, 1 to 3 feet high, naturalized from Europe; occurring in pastures, meadows, and waste places in nearly every section of the country, but less abundantly in the South and rarely in the West.
Part used.—Herb (nonofficial).
Chrysanthemum parthenium (L.) Pers.
Aster family (Asteraceae).
Synonym.—Pyrethrum parthenium Smith.
Common feverfew; featherfew; febrifuge-plant.
Perennial herb, naturalized from Europe. Mostly escaped from cultivation; in waste places, New Brunswick to New Jersey, and locally in the interior.
Part used.—Herb (nonofficial).
Cichorium intybus L.
Chicory family (Cichoriaceae).
Chicory; succory.
Perennial herb, 1 to 3 feet high, growing in fields, waste places, and along roadsides from Nova Scotia to North Carolina, west to Nebraska. Abundant eastward. Naturalized from Europe.
Part used.—Root (nonofficial).
Cicuta maculata L.
Parsley family (Apiaceae).
Water-hemlock; musquash-root; beaver-poison.
Native perennial, 3 to 6 feet high, stout, erect; poisonous. Found in swamps and low grounds from Canada south to Florida and New Mexico.
Part used.—Leaves (nonofficial).
Cimicifuga. See Cimicifuga racemosa.
Cimicifuga racemosa (L.) Nutt.
Crowfoot family (Ranunculaceae).
Synonym.—Actaea racemosa L.
Cimicifuga; black snakeroot; black cohosh; squawroot; rattle-root.
Native, perennial herb, 3 to 8 feet high; in rich soil in shady woods, Maine to Georgia, west to Wisconsin and Missouri. Most abundant in the Ohio Valley.
Parts used.—Rhizome and roots (official).
Cinquefoil. See Potentilla canadensis.
Cirsium arvense Scop. Same as Carduus arvensis.
Cleavers. See Galium aparine.
Cleaverwort. See Galium aparine.
Clematis. See Clematis virginiana.
Clematis virginiana L.
Crowfoot family (Ranunculaceae).
Virgin’s-bower; clematis.
Shrubby, perennial vine; native; found along river banks in hedges and thickets from Canada to Georgia and Kansas.
Parts used.—Leaves and flowers (nonofficial).
Clotbur, spiny. See Xanthium spinosum.
Clotweed, thorny. See Xanthium spinosum.
Clover, bitter. See Sabbatia angularis.
Clover, meadow-. See Trifolium pratense.
Clover, purple. See Trifolium pratense.
Clover, red. See Trifolium pratense.
Clover, yellow sweet. See Melilotus officinalis.
Club-moss. See Lycopodium clavatum.
Cnicus benedictus L.
Aster family (Asteraceae).
Synonyms.—Carduus benedictus Auct.; Centaurea benedicta L.
Blessed thistle; holy thistle; bitter thistle; spotted thistle; St. Benedict’s-thistle.
Annual plant, 1 to 2 feet high; in waste places, Southern States, and in California and Utah; introduced from Europe.
Part used.—Herb (nonofficial).
Cocash. See Aster puniceus.
Cocash-weed. See Senecio aureus.
Cockle-button. See Arctium lappa.
Cocowort. See Bursa bursa-pastoris.
Cohosh, black. See Cimicifuga racemosa.
Cohosh, blue. See Caulophyllum thalictroides.
Cohosh, red. See Actaea rubra.
Cohosh, white. See Actaea alba.
Colic-root. See Aletris farinosa, Dioscorea villosa, Lacinaria spicata, and L. squarrosa.
Collinsonia canadensis L.
Mint family (Menthaceae).
Stoneroot; richweed; knobroot; horse-balm.
Native, perennial herb, about 2 feet high, occurring in rich, moist woods from Maine to Wisconsin, south to Florida and Kansas.
Parts used.—Root and leaves (nonofficial).
Colt’s-foot. See Tussilago farfara.
Colt’s-tail. See Erigeron canadensis.
Columbine, European. See Aquilegia vulgaris.
Columbine, garden-. See Aquilegia vulgaris.
Columbine, wild. See under Aquilegia vulgaris.
Columbo, American. See Frasera carolinensis.
Comfrey. See Symphytum officinale.
Compass-plant. See Silphium laciniatum.
Comptonia asplenifolia Gaertn. Same as Comptonia peregrina.
Comptonia peregrina (L.) Coulter.
Bayberry family (Myricaceae).
Synonyms.—Comptonia asplenifolia Gaertn.; Myrica asplenifolia L.
Sweet fern; spleenwortbush; meadow-fern.
Shrubby plant, about 2½ feet high, native; in thin sandy or stony woods and on hillsides, Canada to North Carolina, Indiana, and Michigan.
Parts used.—Leaves and tops (nonofficial).
Coneflower, pale-purple. See Brauneria angustifolia.
Coneflower, tall. See Rudbeckia laciniata.
Congo-root. See Psoralea pedunculata.
Conium. See Conium maculatum.
Conium maculatum L.
Parsley family (Apiaceae).
Conium; poison-hemlock; spotted parsley; spotted cowbane.
Biennial herb, 2 to 6 feet high, naturalized from Europe; common in waste places, especially in the Eastern and Middle States. Poisonous.
Parts used.—Full-grown, but unripe, fruit, carefully dried and preserved (official); leaves (nonofficial).
Consumptive’s-weed. See Eriodictyon californicum.
Convallaria. See Convallaria majalis.
Convallaria biflora Walt. Same as Polygonatum biflorum.
Convallaria majalis L.
Lily-of-the-valley family (Convallariaceae).
Convallaria; lily-of-the-valley.
A low, perennial herb; indigenous; on the higher mountains from Virginia to the Carolinas.
Parts used.—Rhizome and roots (official); herb and flowers (nonofficial).
Convallaria racemosa L. Same as Vagnera racemosa.
Convolvulus panduratus L. Same as Ipomoea pandurata.
Coolwort. See Tiarella cordifolia.
Coptis trifolia (L.) Salisb.
Crowfoot family (Ranunculaceae).
Goldthread; cankerroot; mouthroot; yellowroot.
Low, native, perennial herb, growing in damp mossy woods and bogs from Canada and Alaska south to Maryland and Minnesota; most common in the New England States, northern New York and Michigan, and in Canada.
Parts used.—Rhizome and rootlets (nonofficial).
Corallorhiza odontorhiza (Willd.) Nutt.
Orchid family (Orchidaceae).
Crawley-root; coralroot; dragon’s-claw; chickentoe.
Leafless plant, 6 to 15 inches high, found in rich woods from Maine to Florida, west to Michigan and Missouri. Native.
Part used.—Rhizome (nonofficial).
Coralroot. See Corallorhiza odontorhiza.
Corn, squirrel-. See Bikukulla canadensis.
Corn, turkey-. See Bikukulla canadensis.
Cornel, silky. See Cornus amomum.
Corn-snakeroot. See Eryngium yuccifolium and Lacinaria spicata.
Cornus amomum Mill.
Dogwood family (Cornaceae).
Synonym.—Cornus sericea L.
Red osier; swamp-dogwood; silky cornel; rose-willow.
Native shrub, 3 to 10 feet high; in low woods and along streams, Canada to Florida, west to Texas and the Dakotas.
Part used.—Bark (nonofficial).
Cornus circinata L’Her.
Dogwood family (Cornaceae).
Green osier; round-leaved dogwood.
Native shrub, 3 to 10 feet high; in shady places, Canada and the northeastern United States.
Part used.—Bark (nonofficial).
Cornus florida L.
Dogwood family (Cornaceae).
Flowering dogwood; boxwood.
Small, native tree or large shrub, growing in woods from Canada to Florida, Texas and Missouri. Most abundant in the Middle States.
Parts used.—Bark of tree and of root, the latter preferred (nonofficial).
Cornus sericea L. Same as Cornus amomum.
Corydalis canadensis Goldie. Same as Bikukulla canadensis.
Corydalis formosa Pursh. Same as Bikukulla canadensis.
Cotton-gum. See Nyssa aquatica.
Cottonweed. See Anaphalis margaritacea.
Couch-grass. See Agropyron repens.
Coughweed. See Senecio aureus.
Coughwort. See Tussilago farfara.
Cowbane, spotted. See Conium maculatum.
Cow-lily. See Nymphaea advena.
Cow-parsnip. See Heracleum lanatum.
Cracca virginiana L.
Pea family (Fabaceae).
Synonym.—Tephrosia virginiana Pers.
Devil’s-shoestring; hoary pea; goat’s-rue; catgut.
Hoary, perennial herb, 1 to 2 feet high, native; occurring in dry, sandy soil from New England to Florida, west to Texas and Minnesota.
Part used.—Root (nonofficial).
Cramp-bark. See Viburnum opulus.
Cranberry, high-bush. See Viburnum opulus.
Cranberry, upland-. See Arctostaphylos uva-ursi.
Crane’s-bill, spotted. See Geranium maculatum.
Crane’s-bill, wild. See Geranium maculatum.
Crataegus oxyacantha L.
Apple family (Malaceae).
Hawthorn; hedgethorn; whitethorn; maythorn.
Shrub or tree, introduced from Europe, and sparingly escaped from cultivation.
Part used.—Berries (nonofficial).
Crawley-root. See Corallorhiza odontorhiza.
Crosswort. See Eupatorium perfoliatum.
Cucumber-tree. See Magnolia acuminata and M. tripetala.
Cudweed, low. See Gnaphalium uliginosum.
Cudweed, marsh-. See Gnaphalium uliginosum.
Culver’s-physic. See Veronica virginica.
Culver’s-root. See Veronica virginica.
Cunila mariana L. Same as Cunila origanoides.
Cunila origanoides (L.) Britton.
Mint family (Menthaceae).
Synonym.—Cunila mariana L.
American dittany; stonemint.
Indigenous, perennial plant, found on dry hills and in dry woods from New York to Florida, west to Ohio.
Part used.—Herb (nonofficial).
Cup-plant. See Silphium perfoliatum.
Custard-apple. See Asimina triloba.
Cynoglossum officinale L.
Borage family (Boraginaceae).
Hound’s-tongue; gypsy-flower.
Biennial herb, about 3 feet high, naturalized from Europe, and occurring in waste places from Canada to North Carolina, west to Kansas and Minnesota.
Parts used.—Leaves and root (nonofficial).
Cypripedium. See Cypripedium hirsutum and C. parviflorum.
Cypripedium hirsutum Mill.
Orchid family (Orchidaceae).
Synonym.—Cypripedium pubescens Willd.
Cypripedium; large yellow ladies-slipper; yellow moccasin-flower; American valerian.
Herb, 1 to 2 feet high, native in woods and thickets from Nova Scotia south to Alabama and west to Nebraska and Missouri.
Parts used.—Rhizome and roots (official).
Cypripedium parviflorum Salisb.
Orchid family (Orchidaceae).
Cypripedium; small yellow ladies-slipper.
Herb, 1 to 2 feet high; native in woods and thickets from British America to Georgia, Missouri, and Oregon.
Parts used.—Rhizome and roots (official).
Cypripedium pubescens Willd. Same as Cypripedium hirsutum.
Cytisus scoparius (L.) Link.
Pea family (Fabaceae).
Synonym.—Sarothamnus scoparius Wimm.
Scoparius; broom; green broom; Scotch broom.
Stiff, wiry plant, 3 to 5 feet high; naturalized from Europe; growing in dry, sandy soil from Massachusetts to Virginia and becoming common in many places in the northwestern United States.
Part used.—Tops (official).
Daisy, oxeye. See Chrysanthemum leucanthemum.
Daisy, white. See Chrysanthemum leucanthemum.
Daisy-fleabane. See Erigeron philadelphicus.
Damiana. See Turnera microphylla.
Dandelion. See Taraxacum officinale.
Daphne mezereum L.
Mezereon family (Daphnaceae).
Synonym.—Mezereum officinarum C. A. Mey.
Mezereum; mezereon; spurge-laurel; paradise-plant; spurge-olive.
A very hardy shrub, introduced from Europe and escaped from cultivation in Canada and New England.
Part used.—Bark of this and of other European species of Daphne (official).
Datura stramonium L.
Potato family (Solanaceae).
Stramonium; jimson-weed; Jamestown-weed; thorn-apple; apple-of-Peru.
Poisonous weed; annual, 2 to 5 feet high; introduced from the Tropics, and occurring in fields and waste places throughout the United States, with the exception of the North and West.
Parts used.—Leaves (official); seeds (official in U. S. P. 1890).
Daucus carota L.
Parsley family (Apiaceae).
Wild carrot; Queen-Anne’s-lace.
Biennial herb, 2 to 3 feet high; naturalized from Europe; common almost throughout the United States, growing in old fields and along roadsides.
Parts used.—Root, fruit, and leaves (nonofficial).
Deerberry. See Gaultheria procumbens and Mitchella repens.
Deer-laurel. See Rhododendron maximum.
Deer’s-tongue. See Trilisa odoratissima.
Deerwood. See Ostrya virginiana.
Deerwort-boneset. See Eupatorium ageratoides.
Delphinium consolida L.
Crowfoot family (Ranunculaceae).
Field-larkspur; knight’s-spur; lark-heel.
An annual herb, about 2 feet high; naturalized from Europe, and found in waste places from southern New Jersey and Pennsylvania southward. The indigenous tall larkspur, Delphinium urceolatum Jacq. (D. exaltatum Ait.), is used for similar purposes. This is found in woods from Pennsylvania to Minnesota, south to Alabama and Nebraska.
Parts used.—Herb and seeds (nonofficial).
Delphinium exaltatum Ait. See under Delphinium consolida.
Delphinium urceolatum Jacq. See under Delphinium consolida.
Devil’s-bit. See Lacinaria scariosa.
Devil’s-shoestring. See Cracca virginiana.
Dewberry. See Rubus procumbens.
Dewberry, one-flowered. See Rubus villosus.
Dewberry, southern. See Rubus trivialis.
Dicentra canadensis Walp. Same as Bikukulla canadensis.
Digitalis. See Digitalis purpurea.
Digitalis purpurea L.
Figwort family (Scrophulariaceae).
Digitalis; foxglove; fairy-fingers; thimbles; lady’s-glove.
Very handsome biennial plant, 3 to 4 feet high; introduced from Europe as a garden plant, and now escaped from cultivation in parts of Oregon, Washington, and West Virginia.
Parts used.—Leaves from plants of second year’s growth, gathered at commencement of flowering (official).
Dioscorea villosa L.
Yam family (Dioscoreaceae).
Wild yam; colic-root; rheumatism-root.
Slender, herbaceous, native vine, growing in moist thickets from Rhode Island to Minnesota, south to Florida and Texas; more common in central and southern parts of the United States.
Part used.—Rhizome (nonofficial).
Diospyros virginiana L.
Ebony family (Diospyraceae).
Persimmon.
Indigenous tree, 15 to 50 feet in height; in fields and woods, Rhode Island to Kansas, Florida, and Texas.
Parts used.—Bark and unripe fruit (nonofficial).
Dirca palustris L.
Mezereon family (Daphnaceae).
Leatherwood; moosewood; American mezereon; wickopy; rope-bark.
A native shrub, occurring in woods and thickets, New Brunswick to Florida, west to Missouri and Minnesota; most common in the Northern and Eastern States.
Part used.—Bark (nonofficial).
Ditch-stonecrop. See Penthorum sedoides.
Dittany, American. See Cunila origanoides.
Dock, bitter. See Rumex obtusifolius.
Dock, blunt-leaved. See Rumex obtusifolius.
Dock, broad-leaved. See Rumex obtusifolius.
Dock, curled. See Rumex crispus.
Dock, narrow. See Rumex crispus.
Dock, sour. See Rumex crispus.
Dock, spatter-. See Nymphaea advena.
Dock, velvet. See Verbascum thapsus.
Dock, yellow. See Rumex crispus.
Dogbane, spreading. See Apocynum androsaemifolium.
Dogberry. See Sorbus americana.
Dog-fennel. See Anthemis cotula.
Dog-grass. See Agropyron repens.
Dog’s-tooth violet. See Erythronium americanum.
Dogwood, flowering. See Cornus florida.
Dogwood, round-leaved. See Cornus circinata.
Dogwood, swamp-. See Cornus amomum.
Dooryard-plantain. See Plantago major.
Dracontium foetidum L. Same as Spathyema foetida.
Dragon’s-claw. See Corallorhiza odontorhiza.
Dropwort, western. See Porteranthus trifoliatus.
Drosera rotundifolia L.
Sundew family (Droseraceae).
Round-leaved sundew; youthwort.
Low, perennial herb, growing in bogs and muddy shores of rivers from Canada to Florida and California.
Part used.—Herb (nonofficial).
Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) Schott.
Fern family (Polypodiaceae).
Synonyms.—Aspidium filix-mas Sw.; Polypodium filix-mas L.
Aspidium; male-fern.
Fern, with leaves 1 to 3 feet long; in rocky woods from Canada to northern Michigan, and in the Rocky Mountains to Arizona.
Part used.—Rhizome (official).
Dryopteris marginalis (L.) A. Gray.
Fern family (Polypodiaceae).
Synonyms.—Aspidium marginale Sw.; Polypodium marginale L.
Aspidium; evergreen wood-fern; marginal-fruited shield-fern.
Fern, with leaves 6 inches to 2½ feet long; in rocky woods from Canada south to Alabama and Arkansas.
Part used.—Rhizome (official).
Dulcamara. See Solanum dulcamara.
Dysentery-weed. See Gnaphalium uliginosum.
Earth-smoke. See Fumaria officinalis.
Echinacea. See Brauneria angustifolia.
Echinacea angustifolia DC. Same as Brauneria angustifolia.
Elder. See Sambucus canadensis.
Elder, American. See Sambucus canadensis.
Elder, dwarf. See Aralia hispida.
Elder, sweet. See Sambucus canadensis.
Elder, wild. See Aralia hispida.
Elecampane. See Inula helenium.
Elk-tree. See Oxydendrum arboreum.
Elkwood. See Magnolia tripetala.
Elliott’s-sabbatia. See Sabbatia elliottii.
Elm. See Ulmus fulva.
Elm, Indian. See Ulmus fulva.
Elm, moose-. See Ulmus fulva.
Elm, red. See Ulmus fulva.
Elm, slippery. See Ulmus fulva.
Emetic-root. See Euphorbia corollata.
Epigaea repens L.
Heath family (Ericaceae).
Gravel-plant; trailing arbutus; mayflower.
Small, shrubby, native plant, spreading on the ground in sandy soil, especially under evergreen trees, from Florida to Michigan and northward.
Part used.—Leaves (nonofficial).
Epilobium angustifolium L. Same as Chamaenerion angustifolium.
Epilobium palustre L.
Evening-primrose family (Onagraceae).
Swamp willow-herb; wickup.
Slender, erect, native herb, 6 to 18 inches high, found in swamps and marshes from Canada and the New England States west to Colorado and Washington.
Parts used.—Leaves and root (nonofficial).
Epiphegus virginiana Bart. Same as Leptamnium virginianum.
Equisetum hyemale L.
Horsetail family (Equisetaceae).
Common scouring-rush; horsetail; shave-grass.
Rush-like perennial plant, growing in wet places along river banks and borders of woods throughout nearly the whole of North America.
Part used.—Plant (nonofficial).
Erechtites hieracifolia (L.) Raf.
Aster family (Asteraceae).
Fireweed; pilewort.
Native, annual herb, 1 to 8 feet high, in woods, fields, and waste places, Canada to Florida, Louisiana, and Nebraska.
Part used.—Herb (nonofficial).
Erigeron canadensis L.
Aster family (Asteraceae).
Synonym.—Leptilon canadense (L.) Britton.[d]
Canada fleabane; horseweed; colt’s-tail; prideweed; bitterweed.
Native, annual weed, 3 inches to 10 feet in height; in fields and meadows, along roadsides, and in waste places, almost throughout North America.
Part used.—Herb (nonofficial); the oil of erigeron, distilled from the fresh, flowering herb, is official.
Erigeron philadelphicus L.
Aster family (Asteraceae).
Philadelphia fleabane; sweet scabious; daisy-fleabane.
Native, perennial herb, 1 to 3 feet high, in fields and woods throughout North America, except extreme North.
Part used.—Herb (nonofficial).
Eriodictyon. See Eriodictyon californicum.
Eriodictyon californicum (H. & A.) Greene.
Waterleaf family (Hydrophyllaceae).
Synonym.—Eriodictyon glutinosum Benth.
Eriodictyon; yerba santa; mountain-balm; consumptive’s-weed; bear’s-weed.
Shrubby plant, 2 to 4 feet high, native; grows in clumps in dry situations and among rocks throughout California and northern Mexico.
Part used.—Leaves (official).
Eriodictyon glutinosum Benth. Same as Eriodictyon californicum.
Eryngium yuccaefolium Michx. Same as Eryngium yuccifolium.
Eryngium yuccifolium Michx.
Parsley family (Apiaceae).