Doomsday DefenseHistorical text (1906). This is a 1906 catalog for drug collectors, not a treatment guide. Several plants listed (for example pokeweed, bloodroot and mayapple) are poisonous. Never self-treat with wild plants on the strength of a historical text.
Wild Medicinal Plants of the United States · 1906
Wild Medicinal Plants of the United States (part 2 of 4)
Synonym.—Eryngium yuccaefolium Michx.
Water-eryngo; button-snakeroot; rattlesnake-weed; rattlesnake-master; corn-snakeroot.
Native, perennial herb, 1 to 5 feet high, growing in swamps and low wet ground from the pine barrens of New Jersey west to Minnesota, and south to Texas and Florida.
Part used.—Rhizome (nonofficial).
Eryngo, water-. See Eryngium yuccifolium.
Erythronium americanum Ker.
Lily family (Liliaceae).
Yellow adder’s-tongue; dog’s-tooth violet; yellow snowdrop; rattlesnake-violet; yellow snakeleaf.
Native, perennial herb, occurring in moist woods and thickets, Nova Scotia to Minnesota, south to Arkansas and Florida.
Parts used.—Leaves and root (nonofficial).
Euonymus. See Euonymus atropurpureus.
Euonymus atropurpureus Jacq.
Staff-tree family (Celastraceae).
Euonymus; wahoo; burningbush; spindle-tree; Indian arrowwood.
Native shrub or small tree, growing in woods and thickets from Ontario and eastern United States west to Montana.
Part used.—Bark of root (official).
Eupatorium. See Eupatorium perfoliatum.
Eupatorium ageratoides L. f.
Aster family (Asteraceae).
White snakeroot; white sanicle; Indian sanicle; deerwort-boneset; poolwort; poolroot; richweed; squaw-weed.
Erect, perennial herb, 1 to 4 feet high, native; in rich woods from Canada to Georgia, west to Nebraska and Louisiana.
Part used.—Root (nonofficial).
Eupatorium aromaticum L.
Aster family (Asteraceae).
Smaller white snakeroot; poolwort; poolroot; wild hoarhound.
Native, perennial herb, 1 to 2 feet high; in dry soil from Massachusetts to Florida, especially throughout the Middle States.
Part used.—Root (nonofficial).
Eupatorium perfoliatum L.
Aster family (Asteraceae).
Eupatorium; boneset; thoroughwort; Indian sage; agueweed; crosswort.
Native, perennial herb, 1 to 5 feet high; in low, wet places from Canada to Florida, west to Texas and Nebraska.
Parts used.—Leaves and flowering tops (official).
Eupatorium purpureum L.
Aster family (Asteraceae).
Queen-of-the-meadow; gravelroot; Joe-Pye-weed; purple boneset; kidneyroot.
Native, perennial herb, 3 to 10 feet high; in low grounds from Canada to Florida and Texas.
Parts used.—Root and herb (nonofficial).
Euphorbia corollata L.
Spurge family (Euphorbiaceae).
Flowering spurge; emetic-root; milk-ipecac; snakemilk; purging-root.
Native, perennial herb, about 3 feet in height, growing in dry fields and woods from Ontario to Florida and Minnesota to Texas.
Part used.—Root (nonofficial).
Euphorbia hypericifolia A. Gray. Same as Euphorbia nutans.
Euphorbia ipecacuanhae L.
Spurge family (Euphorbiaceae).
Wild ipecac; ipecac-spurge; American ipecac; Carolina ipecac.
Native, perennial herb, 4 to 10 inches high; in dry, sandy soil, mostly near the coast, from Connecticut to Florida.
Part used.—Root (nonofficial).
Euphorbia nutans Lag.
Spurge family (Euphorbiaceae).
Synonym.—Euphorbia hypericifolia A. Gray.
Large spotted spurge; black purslane; fluxweed; milk-purslane.
Native, annual plant, from ½ to 2 feet in height; in rich soils, fields, and thickets throughout eastern North America, except extreme north, and extending west to the Rocky Mountains.
Part used.—Herb (nonofficial).
Euphorbia pilulifera L.
Spurge family (Euphorbiaceae).
Pill-bearing spurge; snakeweed; Queensland asthma-weed.
Herbaceous annual, 10 to 15 inches high, occurring from the Gulf States through Texas to New Mexico.
Part used.—Herb (nonofficial).
Evening-primrose. See Oenothera biennis.
Everlasting. See Anaphalis margaritacea.
Everlasting, large-flowered. See Anaphalis margaritacea.
Everlasting, pearly. See Anaphalis margaritacea.
Eve’s-cup. See Sarracenia flava.
Fagara clava-herculis (L.) Small.
Rue family (Rutaceae).
Synonym.—Xanthoxylum clava-herculis L.
Xanthoxylum; southern prickly ash; toothache-tree; yellowthorn; yellowwood; Hercules-club.
Small, indigenous, very prickly tree, sometimes 45 feet in height, occurring along streams from southern Virginia to Florida, west to Texas and Arkansas.
Parts used.—Bark official under the name “Xanthoxylum”; berries (nonofficial).
Fagus americana Sweet.
Beech family (Fagaceae).
Synonym.—Fagus ferruginea Ait.
American beech; beechnut-tree.
Large, native forest tree, growing in rich soil from Nova Scotia to Florida, west to Wisconsin and Texas.
Parts used.—Bark and leaves (nonofficial).
Fagus ferruginea Ait. Same as Fagus americana.
Fairy-fingers. See Digitalis purpurea.
Featherfew. See Chrysanthemum parthenium.
Febrifuge-plant. See Chrysanthemum parthenium.
Female-fern. See Athyrium filix-foemina and Polypodium vulgare.
Fennel, dog-. See Anthemis cotula.
Fern, evergreen wood-. See Dryopteris marginalis.
Fern, female-. See Athyrium filix-foemina and Polypodium vulgare.
Fern, lady-. See Athyrium filix-foemina.
Fern, maidenhair-. See Adiantum pedatum.
Fern, male-. See Dryopteris filix-mas.
Fern, marginal-fruited shield-. See Dryopteris marginalis.
Fern, meadow-. See Comptonia peregrina.
Fern, parsley-. See Tanacetum vulgare.
Fern, royal. See Osmunda regalis.
Fern, sweet. See Comptonia peregrina.
Fernroot. See Polypodium vulgare.
Feverbush. See Benzoin benzoin and Ilex verticillata.
Feverfew, common. See Chrysanthemum parthenium.
Feverroot. See Triosteum perfoliatum.
Fevertwig. See Celastrus scandens.
Field-balm. See Glecoma hederacea.
Field-larkspur. See Delphinium consolida.
Field-sorrel. See Rumex acetosella.
Figwort, Maryland. See Scrophularia marilandica.
Fir, balsam-. See Abies balsamea.
Fireweed. See Erechtites hieracifolia.
Fit-plant. See Monotropa uniflora.
Fitroot. See Monotropa uniflora.
Fivefinger. See Potentilla canadensis.
Flag, blue. See Iris versicolor.
Flag, cattail-. See Typha latifolia.
Flag, sweet-. See Acorus calamus.
Flag, water-. See Iris versicolor.
Flag-lily. See Iris versicolor.
Flannel-leaf. See Verbascum thapsus.
Fleabane, Canada. See Erigeron canadensis.
Fleabane, daisy-. See Erigeron philadelphicus.
Fleabane, Philadelphia. See Erigeron philadelphicus.
Fluxweed. See Euphorbia nutans.
Flytrap. See Sarracenia purpurea.
Foamflower. See Tiarella cordifolia.
Foxglove. See Digitalis purpurea.
Fragaria virginiana Duchesne.
Rose family (Rosaceae).
Virginia strawberry; scarlet strawberry.
Native, perennial herb, occurring in dry soil from Canada to Georgia, west to Indian Territory and Minnesota.
Part used.—Leaves (nonofficial).
Frankenia grandifolia Cham. & Schlecht.
Frankenia family (Frankeniaceae).
Yerba reuma.
Native, perennial herb, 8 to 13 inches high, common in salt marshes and sandy localities near the coast in California.
Part used.—Herb (nonofficial).
Frasera carolinensis Walt.
Gentian family (Gentianaceae).
Synonym.—Frasera walteri Michx.
American columbo; Indian lettuce; meadowpride; pyramid-flower.
Smooth, perennial herb, 3 to 8 feet high, found in dry soil from New York to Wisconsin, south to Georgia and Kentucky.
Part used.—Root (nonofficial).
Frasera walteri Michx. Same as Frasera carolinensis.
Fraxinus acuminata Lam. Same as Fraxinus americana.
Fraxinus alba Marsh. Same as Fraxinus americana.
Fraxinus americana L.
Olive family (Oleaceae).
Synonyms.—Fraxinus alba Marsh; Fraxinus acuminata Lam.
White ash; cane-ash.
Large, native forest tree, in rich woods from Nova Scotia to Minnesota, south to Florida and Texas. Occurs chiefly in the Northern States and Canada.
Part used.—Bark (nonofficial).
Fraxinus nigra Marsh.
Olive family (Oleaceae).
Synonym.—Fraxinus sambucifolia Lam.
Black ash; hoop-ash.
Native tree, 40 to 70 feet in height, occurring in swamps and wet woods from Canada to Virginia and Arkansas.
Part used.—Bark (nonofficial).
Fraxinus sambucifolia Lam. Same as Fraxinus nigra.
Fringe-tree. See Chionanthus virginica.
Frost-plant. See Helianthemum canadense.
Frostweed. See Helianthemum canadense.
Frostwort. See Helianthemum canadense.
Fuller’s-herb. See Saponaria officinalis.
Fumaria officinalis L.
Poppy family (Papaveraceae).
Fumitory; hedge-fumitory; earth-smoke.
Annual plant, 10 to 15 inches high, adventive from Europe and found in waste places about dwellings, in cultivated land, and on ballast, Nova Scotia to the Gulf States.
Part used.—Herb (nonofficial).
Fumitory. See Fumaria officinalis.
Fumitory, hedge-. See Fumaria officinalis.
Gagroot. See Lobelia inflata.
Gale, sweet. See Myrica gale.
Galium aparine L.
Madder family (Rubiaceae).
Cleavers; goose-grass; cleaverwort; bedstraw; catchweed.
Annual plant, with weak, procumbent stem, 2 to 6 feet long, growing in shady thickets and margins of woods, New Brunswick south to Florida and Texas. Naturalized from Europe.
Part used.—Herb of this and of other species of Galium (nonofficial).
Gallweed. See Gentiana quinquefolia.
Garden-balm. See Melissa officinalis.
Garden-celandine. See Chelidonium majus.
Garden-columbine. See Aquilegia vulgaris.
Garden-valerian. See Valeriana officinalis.
Garget. See Phytolacca decandra.
Gaultheria procumbens L.
Heath family (Ericaceae).
Wintergreen; checkerberry; mountain-tea; teaberry; deerberry.
Small, native perennial, with evergreen leaves, found in sandy soils in cool, damp woods, especially under evergreen trees, in Canada and the northeastern United States.
Part used.—Leaves (nonofficial); the oil of gaultheria, distilled from the leaves, is official.
Gay-feather. See Lacinaria scariosa and L. spicata.
Gelsemium. See Gelsemium sempervirens.
Gelsemium sempervirens (L.) Ait. f.
Logania family (Loganiaceae).
Gelsemium; yellow jasmine; Carolina jasmine; wild woodbine.
Twining, shrubby perennial, native, growing on low ground in woods and thickets from eastern Virginia to Florida and Texas, mostly near the coast.
Parts used.—Rhizome and roots (official).
Gemfruit. See Tiarella cordifolia.
Gentian, American. See Gentiana saponaria.
Gentian, blue. See Gentiana saponaria.
Gentian, five-flowered. See Gentiana quinquefolia.
Gentian, horse-. See Triosteum perfoliatum.
Gentian, marsh-. See Gentiana villosa.
Gentian, snake-. See Nabalus serpentarius.
Gentian, soapwort-. See Gentiana saponaria.
Gentian, stiff. See Gentiana quinquefolia.
Gentian, straw-colored. See Gentiana villosa.
Gentian, striped. See Gentiana villosa.
Gentian, white. See Triosteum perfoliatum.
Gentiana catesbaei Walt. Same as Gentiana saponaria.
Gentiana ochroleuca Froel. Same as Gentiana villosa.
Gentiana quinqueflora Lam. Same as Gentiana quinquefolia.
Gentiana quinquefolia L.
Gentian family (Gentianaceae).
Synonym.—Gentiana quinqueflora Lam.
Stiff gentian; five-flowered gentian; agueweed; gallweed.
Native, annual plant, 1 to 2 feet in height, growing in pastures and other open situations from Maine to Michigan, south to Florida and Missouri.
Parts used.—Root and herb (nonofficial).
Gentiana saponaria L.
Gentian family (Gentianaceae).
Synonym.—Gentiana catesbaei Walt.
American gentian; blue gentian; soapwort-gentian.
Native, perennial herb, 1 to 2½ feet high; in wet soil, Ontario to Minnesota, south to Louisiana and Florida.
Part used.—Root (nonofficial).
Gentiana villosa L.
Gentian family (Gentianaceae).
Synonym.—Gentiana ochroleuca Froel.
Striped gentian; straw-colored gentian; marsh-gentian; Sampson’s-snakeroot.
Native, perennial herb, 6 to 18 inches high; in shaded places, Middle and Southern States.
Part used.—Root (nonofficial).
Geranium. See Geranium maculatum.
Geranium maculatum L.
Geranium family (Geraniaceae).
Geranium; wild crane’s-bill; spotted crane’s-bill; wild geranium; spotted geranium; alum-root.
Native, perennial herb, 1 to 1½ feet high; found in low grounds and open woods from Canada south to Georgia and Missouri.
Part used.—Rhizome (official).
Geranium, spotted. See Geranium maculatum.
Geranium, wild. See Geranium maculatum.
Geum rivale L.
Rose family (Rosaceae).
Water-avens; purple avens.
Native, perennial herb, 1 to 2 feet high, occurring in swamps and wet meadows from Canada to Pennsylvania and Colorado, especially in the Northern and Middle States.
Parts used.—Rhizome and rootlets (nonofficial).
Ghostflower. See Monotropa uniflora.
Gillenia trifoliata Moench. Same as Porteranthus trifoliatus.
Gill-over-the-ground. See Glecoma hederacea.
Ginger, Indian. See Asarum canadense.
Ginger, wild. See Asarum canadense.
Gingerroot. See Tussilago farfara.
Ginseng. See Panax quinquefolium.
Glecoma hederacea L.
Mint family (Menthaceae).
Synonym.—Nepeta glechoma Benth.
Ground-ivy; gill-over-the-ground; catfoot; field-balm.
Low, perennial herb, with creeping stem. Naturalized from Europe and found in waste places, woods, and thickets from Newfoundland to Minnesota, south to Georgia and Kansas.
Part used.—Herb (nonofficial).
Globeflower. See Cephalanthus occidentalis.
Gnaphalium margaritaceum L. Same as Anaphalis margaritacea.
Gnaphalium obtusifolium L.
Aster family (Asteraceae).
Synonym.—Gnaphalium polycephalum Michx.
Sweet balsam; life-everlasting; sweet life-everlasting; white balsam.
Native, herbaceous annual, 1 to 2 feet high; in dry, open places and old fields from Nova Scotia and Manitoba south to Florida and Texas.
Part used.—Herb (nonofficial).
Gnaphalium polycephalum Michx. Same as Gnaphalium obtusifolium.
Gnaphalium uliginosum L.
Aster family (Asteraceae).
Mouse-ear; low cudweed; marsh-cudweed; wartwort; dysentery-weed.
Annual herb, 2 to 8 inches high, occurring in damp soil from Newfoundland to Minnesota, south to Indiana and Virginia; apparently naturalized from Europe.
Part used.—Herb (nonofficial).
Gnaphalium undulatum Walt. Same as Pterocaulon undulatum.
Goat’s-rue. See Cracca virginiana.
Goldenrod, anise-scented. See Solidago odora.
Goldenrod, fragrant-leaved. See Solidago odora.
Goldenrod, sweet. See Solidago odora.
Goldenseal. See Hydrastis canadensis.
Goldthread. See Coptis trifolia.
Goodyera pubescens R. Br. Same as Peramium pubescens.
Goodyera repens R. Br. Same as Peramium repens.
Goose-grass. See Galium aparine.
Grape, Oregon. See Berberis aquifolium.
Grape, Rocky Mountain. See Berberis aquifolium.
Gravel-plant. See Epigaea repens.
Gravelroot. See Eupatorium purpureum.
Gravel-weed. See Onosmodium virginianum.
Greenbrier, long-stalked. See Smilax pseudo-china.
Grindelia. See Grindelia robusta and G. squarrosa.
Grindelia robusta Nutt.
Aster family (Asteraceae).
Grindelia; gum-plant.
Perennial herb, about 1½ feet high, native in the States west of the Rocky Mountains.
Parts used.—Leaves and flowering tops (official).
Grindelia, scaly. See Grindelia squarrosa.
Grindelia squarrosa (Pursh) Dunal.
Aster family (Asteraceae).
Grindelia; scaly grindelia; broad-leaved gum-plant.
Perennial herb, 1 to 2 feet high, native; occurring on the plains and prairies from the Saskatchewan to Minnesota, Texas, and California.
Parts used.—Leaves and flowering tops (official).
Gromwell, Virginia false. See Onosmodium virginianum.
Ground-centaury. See Polygala nuttallii.
Ground-ivy. See Glecoma hederacea.
Ground-raspberry. See Hydrastis canadensis.
Ground-squirrel pea. See Jeffersonia diphylla.
Gum, cotton-. See Nyssa aquatica.
Gum, red. See Liquidambar styraciflua.
Gum, star-leaved. See Liquidambar styraciflua.
Gum, sweet-. See Liquidambar styraciflua.
Gum, tupelo. See Nyssa aquatica.
Gum-plant. See Grindelia robusta.
Gum-plant, broad-leaved. See Grindelia squarrosa.
Gypsy-flower. See Cynoglossum officinale.
Gypsy-weed. See Lycopus virginicus.
Hackmatack. See Larix laricina.
Haircap-moss. See Polytrichum juniperinum.
Hamamelis. See Hamamelis virginiana.
Hamamelis virginiana L.
Witch-hazel family (Hamamelidaceae).
Hamamelis; witch-hazel; winterbloom; snapping hazel.
Indigenous shrub, found in low, damp woods from New Brunswick to Minnesota, south to Florida and Texas.
Parts used.—Leaves (collected in autumn), bark, and twigs (official).
Hardhack. See Spiraea tomentosa.
Hart’s-thorn. See Rhamnus cathartica.
Haw, black. See Viburnum prunifolium.
Hawkweed, early. See Hieracium venosum.
Hawthorn. See Crataegus oxyacantha.
Hazel, snapping. See Hamamelis virginiana.
Heal-all. See Prunella vulgaris and Scrophularia marilandica.
Healing-herb. See Symphytum officinale.
Heart-liverleaf. See Hepatica acuta.
Heartsease. See Viola tricolor.
Hedeoma. See Hedeoma pulegioides.
Hedeoma pulegioides (L.) Pers.
Mint family (Menthaceae).
Hedeoma; American pennyroyal; tickweed; squawmint.
Low, native, annual plant, 6 to 12 inches high, growing in barren woods and dry fields, Nova Scotia to Minnesota, south to Nebraska and Florida.
Parts used.—Leaves and flowering tops, and the volatile oil distilled from these, are official.
Hedge-fumitory. See Fumaria officinalis.
Hedgethorn. See Crataegus oxyacantha.
Helenium autumnale L.
Aster family (Asteraceae).
Sneezeweed; sneezewort; swamp-sunflower.
Native perennial, 2 to 3 feet high, growing in swamps, wet fields, and meadows, Canada to Florida and Arizona.
Part used.—Herb (nonofficial).
Helianthemum canadense (L.) Michx.
Rock-rose family (Cistaceae).
Frostweed; frostwort; frost-plant; Canadian rock-rose.
Native, perennial herb, about one foot in height; in dry, sandy soil, Maine to Wisconsin, south to North Carolina and Kentucky.
Part used.—Herb (nonofficial).
Hellebore, American. See Veratrum viride.
Hellebore, green. See Veratrum viride.
Hellebore, swamp-. See Veratrum viride.
Helmetpod. See Jeffersonia diphylla.
Helonias dioica Pursh. Same as Chamaelirium luteum.
Hemlock. See Tsuga canadensis.
Hemlock, poison-. See Conium maculatum.
Hemlock, water-. See Cicuta maculata.
Hemlock-spruce. See Tsuga canadensis.
Hemp, black Indian. See Apocynum cannabinum.
Hemp, Canadian. See Apocynum cannabinum.
Hemp, white Indian. See Asclepias incarnata.
Henbane. See Hyoscyamus niger.
Hepatica acuta (Pursh) Britton.
Crowfoot family (Ranunculaceae).
Synonym.—Hepatica acutiloba DC.
Heart-liverleaf; sharp-lobed liverleaf; liverwort.
Perennial herb, 4 to 9 inches high, found in woods from Quebec and Ontario, south to Georgia (but rare near the coast), west to Iowa and Minnesota.
Part used.—Leaves (nonofficial).
Hepatica acutiloba DC. Same as Hepatica acuta.
Hepatica hepatica (L.) Karst.
Crowfoot family (Ranunculaceae).
Synonym.—Hepatica triloba Chaix.
Round-lobed liverleaf; kidney-liverleaf; liverwort.
Perennial herb, 4 to 6 inches high; in woods from Nova Scotia to northern Florida, west to Iowa and Missouri; less common than the heart-liverleaf.
Part used.—Leaves (nonofficial).
Hepatica triloba Chaix. Same as Hepatica hepatica.
Heracleum lanatum Michx.
Parsley family (Apiaceae).
Masterwort; cow-parsnip; youthwort.
Native, perennial herb, 3 to 5 feet high, growing in moist meadows and cultivated ground from Canada south to North Carolina, Utah, and California.
Parts used.—Root, leaves, and seeds (nonofficial).
Hercules-club. See Fagara clava-herculis.
Heuchera americana L.
Saxifrage family (Saxifragaceae).
Alum-root; American sanicle.
Native, perennial herb, 2 to 4 feet in height; in shady, rocky woodlands from Connecticut to Minnesota, south to Alabama and Louisiana.
Part used.—Root (nonofficial).
Hickory, shellbark-. See Hicoria ovata.
Hicoria ovata (Mill.) Britton.
Walnut family (Juglandaceae).
Synonym.—Carya alba Nutt.
Shagbark, shellbark-hickory.
Large, native tree, sometimes 120 feet in height; in rich soil from Quebec to southern Ontario and Minnesota, south to Florida and Texas.
Parts used.—Bark and leaves (nonofficial).
Hieracium venosum L.
Chicory family (Cichoriaceae).
Early hawkweed; rattlesnake-weed; bloodwort; striped bloodwort.
Perennial herb, 1 to 2 feet high, native; occurring in dry woods and thickets from Maine to Georgia, west to Nebraska; more common in the northern and eastern United States.
Parts used.—Leaves and root (nonofficial).
Highbelia. See Lobelia siphilitica.
Hive-vine. See Mitchella repens.
Hoarhound. See Marrubium vulgare.
Hoarhound, water-. See Lycopus virginicus.
Hoarhound, wild. See Eupatorium aromaticum.
Hog-potato. See Ipomoea pandurata.
Hog’s-bean. See Hyoscyamus niger.
Hogweed. See Ambrosia artemisiaefolia.
Holly, American. See Ilex opaca.
Holly, white. See Ilex opaca.
Honeybloom. See Apocynum androsaemifolium.
Hoodwort. See Scutellaria lateriflora.
Hoop-ash. See Fraxinus nigra.
Hop-hornbeam. See Ostrya virginiana.
Hop-tree. See Ptelea trifoliata.
Hornbeam, hop-. See Ostrya virginiana.
Horse-balm. See Collinsonia canadensis.
Horse-chestnut. See Aesculus hippocastanum.
Horsefly-weed. See Baptisia tinctoria.
Horsefoot. See Tussilago farfara.
Horse-gentian. See Triosteum perfoliatum.
Horseheal. See Inula helenium.
Horsemint. See Monarda fistulosa and M. punctata.
Horse-nettle. See Solanum carolinense.
Horsetail. See Equisetum hyemale.
Horseweed. See Erigeron canadensis.
Hound’s-tongue. See Cynoglossum officinale.
Hydrangea. See Hydrangea arborescens.
Hydrangea arborescens L.
Hydrangea family (Hydrangeaceae).
Hydrangea; wild hydrangea; seven-barks.
Indigenous shrub, 5 or 6 feet in height; on rocky river banks from southern New York to Florida, west to Iowa and Missouri; very abundant in the valley of the Delaware.
Part used.—Root (nonofficial).
Hydrangea, wild. See Hydrangea arborescens.
Hydrastis. See Hydrastis canadensis.
Hydrastis canadensis L.
Crowfoot family (Ranunculaceae).
Hydrastis; goldenseal; yellowroot; ground-raspberry; orangeroot; yellow puccoon.
Perennial herb, about 1 foot in height, native in rich soil in shady woods, southern New York to Minnesota, south to Georgia and Missouri, but principally in Ohio, Indiana, Kentucky, and West Virginia.
Parts used.—Rhizome and roots (official).
Hyoscyamus. See Hyoscyamus niger.
Hyoscyamus niger L.
Potato family (Solanaceae).
Hyoscyamus; henbane; hog’s-bean; insane-root.
Biennial herb, 6 inches to 2 feet high, sparingly naturalized from Europe, in waste places from Nova Scotia to Ontario, New York, and Michigan.
Parts used.—Leaves and flowering tops from plants of second year’s growth (official); seeds are also used (nonofficial).
Hypericum perforatum L.
St. John’s-wort family (Hypericaceae).
John’s-wort; common St. John’s-wort.
Herbaceous perennial, 1 to 2 feet high, naturalized from Europe; common in fields and waste places throughout almost the entire United States, except the Southern States.
Part used.—Herb (nonofficial).
Hyssop. See Hyssopus officinalis.
Hyssop, wild. See Verbena hastata.
Hyssop-skullcap. See Scutellaria integrifolia.
Hyssopus officinalis L.
Mint family (Menthaceae).
Hyssop.
Perennial herb, 1 to 3 feet high, naturalized from Europe, and found along roadsides and in waste places from Ontario and Maine to North Carolina, and on the Pacific coast.
Part used.—Herb (nonofficial).
Ilex opaca Ait.
Holly family (Aquifoliaceae).
American holly; white holly.
Native tree, 20 to 40 feet in height, with evergreen leaves; in moist woodlands, Maine to Florida, and west to Missouri and Texas; most abundant in the Atlantic States.
Parts used.—Leaves and bark (nonofficial).
Ilex verticillata (L.) A. Gray.
Holly family (Aquifoliaceae).
Synonym.—Prinos verticillata L.
Black alder; feverbush; Virginia winterberry.
A native shrub, growing in moist woods and along banks of streams from Nova Scotia to Florida, west to Wisconsin and Missouri.
Parts used.—Bark and berries (nonofficial).
Impatiens aurea Muhl.
Jewelweed family (Impatientaceae).
Synonym.—Impatiens pallida Nutt.
Jewelweed; pale touch-me-not; snapweed; wild celandine.
Native, annual plant, 2 to 4 feet high, found in rich soil in moist, shady places from Quebec to Oregon, south to Georgia and Kansas.
Part used.—Herb (nonofficial).
Impatiens biflora Walt.
Jewelweed family (Impatientaceae).
Synonym.—Impatiens fulva Nutt.
Jewelweed; spotted touch-me-not; snapweed; silverleaf.
Native, annual plant, 2 to 5 feet high, growing in rich soil in moist, shady places from Canada to Alaska and Oregon, south to Florida and Missouri; more common than the pale touch-me-not.
Part used.—Herb (nonofficial).
Impatiens fulva Nutt. Same as Impatiens biflora.
Impatiens pallida Nutt. Same as Impatiens aurea.
Indian-cup. See Silphium perfoliatum.
Indian-paint. See Sanguinaria canadensis.
Indian-physic. See Porteranthus trifoliatus.
Indian-pipe. See Monotropa uniflora.
Indian-root. See Aralia racemosa.
Indigo, American. See Baptisia tinctoria.
Indigo, wild. See Baptisia tinctoria.
Indigo, yellow. See Baptisia tinctoria.
Indigo-weed. See Baptisia tinctoria.
Inkberry. See Phytolacca decandra.
Inkroot. See Limonium carolinianum.
Insane-root. See Hyoscyamus niger.
Inula. See Inula helenium.
Inula helenium L.
Aster family (Asteraceae).
Inula; elecampane; horseheal; scabwort.
Rough, perennial herb, 3 to 6 feet high, naturalized from Europe, and found along roadsides and in fields and pastures from Nova Scotia to North Carolina, westward to Missouri and Minnesota.
Part used.—Root (official in U. S. P. 1890).
Ipecac, American. See Euphorbia ipecacuanhae.
Ipecac, Carolina. See Euphorbia ipecacuanhae.
Ipecac, false. See Porteranthus trifoliatus.
Ipecac, milk-. See Euphorbia corollata.
Ipecac, wild. See Euphorbia ipecacuanhae and Triosteum perfoliatum.
Ipecac-spurge. See Euphorbia ipecacuanhae.
Ipomoea pandurata (L.) Meyer.
Morning-glory family (Convolvulaceae).
Synonym.—Convolvulus panduratus L.
Manroot; man-of-the-earth; wild potato; hog-potato; wild jalap.
Native perennial, with trailing stems 2 to 12 feet long; in dry fields or on hills from Connecticut to Michigan, south to Florida and Texas.
Part used.—Root (nonofficial).
Iris. See Iris versicolor.
Iris versicolor L.
Iris family (Iridaceae).
Iris; blue flag; flag-lily; liver-lily; water-flag; snake-lily.
Native, perennial plant, 2 to 3 feet high, found in wet, marshy localities from Newfoundland to Manitoba, south to Florida and Arkansas.
Parts used.—Rhizome and roots (official in U. S. P. 1890).
Ironwood. See Ostrya virginiana.
Ivy, American. See Parthenocissus quinquefolia.
Ivy, ground-. See Glecoma hederacea.
Ivy, poison-. See Rhus radicans and R. toxicodendron.
Jack-in-the-pulpit. See Arisaema triphyllum.
Jacob’s-ladder. See Polemonium reptans.
Jacob’s-ladder, American. See Smilax herbacea.
Jalap, wild. See Ipomoea pandurata.
James-tea. See Ledum groenlandicum.
Jamestown-weed. See Datura stramonium.
Jasmine, Carolina. See Gelsemium sempervirens.
Jasmine, yellow. See Gelsemium sempervirens.
Jeffersonia diphylla (L.) Pers.
Barberry family (Berberidaceae).
Twinleaf; rheumatism-root; helmetpod; yellowroot; ground-squirrel pea.
Native, perennial plant, 8 to 14 inches in height, growing in woods and near streams from New York to Virginia, westward to Wisconsin.
Part used.—Rhizome (nonofficial).
Jewelweed. See Impatiens aurea and I. biflora.
Jimson-weed. See Datura stramonium.
Job’s-tears, wild. See Onosmodium virginianum.
Joe-Pye-weed. See Eupatorium purpureum.
John’s-wort. See Hypericum perforatum.
Judas-tree. See Cercis canadensis.
Juglans. See Juglans cinerea.
Juglans cinerea L.
Walnut family (Juglandaceae).
Juglans; butternut; white walnut.
Indigenous tree, 20 to 50 feet in height, common in rich woods from New Brunswick to North Dakota, south to Georgia, Mississippi, and Arkansas.
Part used.—Bark of root, collected in autumn (official in U. S. P. 1890).
Juniper. See Juniperus communis.
Juniperus communis L.
Pine family (Pinaceae).
Juniper.
Evergreen shrub or low tree, common on dry, sterile hills from Canada south to New Jersey, west to Nebraska, and in the Rocky Mountains to New Mexico.
Part used.—Fruit (nonofficial). The oil of juniper, distilled from the fruit, is official.
Juniperus sabina L.
Pine family (Pinaceae).
Sabina; savin; shrubby red cedar.
A shrub, usually procumbent, seldom more than 4 feet in height, occurring in rocky places in the northern United States.
Part used.—Tops, and the oil of savin, distilled from the fresh tops, are official.
Juniperus virginiana L.
Pine family (Pinaceae).
Red cedar; red savin.
A tree, sometimes 100 feet in height, common in dry soil from Canada to Florida and Arizona.
Part used.—Leaves and “cedar apples” (nonofficial).
Kalmia angustifolia L.
Heath family (Ericaceae).
Sheep-laurel; lambkill; calfkill; narrow-leaved laurel.
Native, evergreen shrub, about 3 feet high, growing in moist soil from Canada south to Georgia.
Part used.—Leaves (nonofficial).
Kalmia latifolia L.
Heath family (Ericaceae).
Mountain-laurel; calico-bush; broad-leaved laurel; sheep-laurel.
Native, evergreen shrub, 10 to 20 feet high, growing in sandy or rocky soil from New Brunswick to Ohio, Florida, and Louisiana.
Part used.—Leaves (nonofficial).
Kidney-liverleaf. See Hepatica hepatica.
Kidneyroot. See Eupatorium purpureum.
Knight’s-spur. See Delphinium consolida.
Knobroot. See Collinsonia canadensis.
Knotweed, biting. See Polygonum hydropiper.
Koellia montana (Michx.) Kuntze.
Mint family (Menthaceae).
Synonym.—Pycnanthemum montanum Michx.
Thin-leaved mountain-mint.
Native perennial, 2 to 3 feet high, found in woods from southern Virginia to Georgia and Alabama.
Part used.—Herb (nonofficial).
Koellia pilosa (Nutt.) Britton.
Mint family (Menthaceae).
Synonym.—Pycnanthemum pilosum Nutt.
Hairy mountain-mint.
Native perennial, 1 to 2½ feet high, occurring in prairies and dry woods from Ohio to Georgia, west to Missouri and Arkansas.
Part used.—Herb (nonofficial).
Lacinaria scariosa (L.) Hill.
Aster family (Asteraceae).
Synonym.—Liatris scariosa Willd.
Blue blazingstar; large button-snakeroot; rattlesnake-master; gay-feather; devil’s-bit.
Native, perennial herb, 4 to 5 feet high, found in dry woods and sandy fields from Maine to Florida, west to Texas and Nebraska.
Part used.—Root (nonofficial).
Lacinaria spicata (L.) Kuntze.
Aster family (Asteraceae).
Synonym.—Liatris spicata Willd.
Dense button-snakeroot; colic-root; prairie-pine; gay-feather; rattlesnake-master; corn-snakeroot; backache-root.
Native, perennial herb, 2 to 5 feet high, in moist places from Massachusetts to Florida, west to Wisconsin and Arkansas.
Part used.—Root (nonofficial).
Lacinaria squarrosa (L.) Hill.
Aster family (Asteraceae).
Synonym.—Liatris squarrosa Willd.
Scaly blazingstar; colic-root; rattlesnake-master (in the South).
Native, perennial herb, 2 to 3 feet high, in dry soil, Ontario to Florida, west to Nebraska and Texas.
Part used.—Root (nonofficial).
Lactuca canadensis L.
Chicory family (Cichoriaceae).
Synonym.—Lactuca elongata Muhl.
Wild lettuce; tall lettuce; wild opium; trumpet-milkweed.
Annual or biennial plant, 3 to 10 feet in height, native in moist, open places, British America south to Georgia and Louisiana.
Part used.—Herb (nonofficial).
Lactuca elongata Muhl. Same as Lactuca canadensis.
Ladies-slipper, large yellow. See Cypripedium hirsutum.
Ladies-slipper, small yellow. See Cypripedium parviflorum.
Lady-fern. See Athyrium filix-foemina.
Lady’s-glove. See Digitalis purpurea.
Lambkill. See Kalmia angustifolia.
Lappa. See Arctium lappa.
Lappa major Gaertn. Same as Arctium lappa.
Larch, American. See Larix laricina.
Larch, black. See Larix laricina.
Larix americana Michx. Same as Larix laricina.
Larix laricina (Du Roi) Koch.
Pine family (Pinaceae).
Synonym.—Larix americana Michx.
Tamarack; American larch; hackmatack; black larch.
A tall, slender tree, native in swampy woods and moist places from Canada south to New Jersey, Indiana, and Minnesota.
Part used.—Bark (nonofficial).
Lark-heel. See Delphinium consolida.
Larkspur, field-. See Delphinium consolida.
Larkspur, tall. See under Delphinium consolida.
Laurel, broad-leaved. See Kalmia latifolia.
Laurel, deer-. See Rhododendron maximum.
Laurel, great. See Rhododendron maximum.
Laurel, mountain-. See Kalmia latifolia.
Laurel, narrow-leaved. See Kalmia angustifolia.
Laurel, rose-. See Rhododendron maximum.
Laurel, sheep-. See Kalmia angustifolia and K. latifolia.
Laurel, spurge-. See Daphne mezereum.
Laurel, swamp-. See Magnolia virginiana.
Laurus benzoin L. Same as Benzoin benzoin.
Lavender, sea-. See Limonium carolinianum.
Leafcup, yellow. See Polymnia uvedalia.
Leatherwood. See Dirca palustris.
Ledum groenlandicum Oeder.
Heath family (Ericaceae).
Synonym.—Ledum latifolium Ait.
Labrador tea; continental tea; James-tea.
Evergreen shrub, 1 to 4 feet high, native in cold bogs and damp mountain woods, northern part of the United States and in Canada.
Part used.—Leaves (nonofficial).
Ledum latifolium Ait. Same as Ledum groenlandicum.
Lemon, wild. See Podophyllum peltatum.
Lemon-balm. See Melissa officinalis.
Leonurus cardiaca L.
Mint family (Menthaceae).
Motherwort; lion’s-tail; throwwort.
Perennial plant, 2 to 5 feet high, naturalized from Europe, and occurring in fields and waste places from Nova Scotia to North Carolina westward to Nebraska.
Part used.—Herb (nonofficial).
Leptamnium virginianum (L.) Raf.
Broomrape family (Orobanchaceae).
Synonyms.—Epiphegus virginiana Bart.; Orobanche virginiana L.
Beechdrops; cancerroot.
Plant 6 inches to 2 feet in height, parasitic upon the roots of beech trees from New Brunswick to Florida, west to Michigan and Louisiana.
Part used.—Whole plant (nonofficial).
Leptandra. See Veronica virginica.
Leptandra virginica (L.) Nutt. Same as Veronica virginica.
Leptilon canadense (L.) Britton. Same as Erigeron canadensis.
Lettuce, Indian. See Frasera carolinensis.
Lettuce, tall. See Lactuca canadensis.
Lettuce, white. See Nabalus albus and N. serpentarius.
Lettuce, wild. See Lactuca canadensis.
Leucanthemum vulgare Lam. Same as Chrysanthemum leucanthemum.
Leverwood. See Ostrya virginiana.
Liatris odoratissima Michx. Same as Trilisa odoratissima.
Liatris scariosa Willd. Same as Lacinaria scariosa.
Liatris spicata Willd. Same as Lacinaria spicata.
Liatris squarrosa Willd. Same as Lacinaria squarrosa.
Life-everlasting. See Anaphalis margaritacea and Gnaphalium obtusifolium.
Life-everlasting, sweet. See Gnaphalium obtusifolium.
Liferoot. See Senecio aureus.
Ligustrum vulgare L.
Olive family (Oleaceae).
Privet; primwort; prim.
A shrub, 5 or 6 feet high, introduced from Europe; escaped from cultivation and grows wild in woods and along roadsides from Ontario to Pennsylvania and North Carolina.
Part used.—Leaves (nonofficial).
Lily, cow-. See Nymphaea advena.
Lily, flag-. See Iris versicolor.
Lily, large yellow pond-. See Nymphaea advena.
Lily, liver-. See Iris versicolor.
Lily, snake-. See Iris versicolor.
Lily, sweet-scented water-. See Castalia odorata.
Lily, water-. See Castalia odorata.
Lily, white pond-. See Castalia odorata.
Lily-of-the-valley. See Convallaria majalis.
Lime, Ogeechee. See Nyssa ogeche.
Limonium carolinianum (Walt.) Britton.
Plumbago family (Plumbaginaceae).
Synonym.—Statice caroliniana Walt.
Marsh-rosemary; inkroot; sea-lavender; cankerroot.
Native, perennial herb, 1 to 2 feet high, in salt meadows on the Atlantic and Gulf coasts.
Part used.—Root (nonofficial).
Linden, American. See Tilia americana.
Lindera benzoin Meissn. Same as Benzoin benzoin.
Lion’s-foot. See Nabalus albus and N. serpentarius.
Lion’s-tail. See Leonurus cardiaca.
Liquidambar styraciflua L.
Witch-hazel family (Hamamelidaceae).
Sweet-gum; star-leaved gum; red gum.
Large, native tree, 80 to 140 feet high, in moist woods from Connecticut to Florida, Illinois, and Missouri. Most common near the coast in the Middle and Southern States.
Parts used.—Bark and resin (nonofficial).
Liriodendron tulipifera L.
Magnolia family (Magnoliaceae).
Tulip-tree; yellow poplar; whitewood; tulip-poplar; canoewood.
An indigenous tree, 60 to 190 feet in height, growing in rich woods from New England to Florida, west to Michigan and Arkansas; reaches greatest size in the Middle and Southern States.
Part used.—Bark of trunk and of root (nonofficial).
Lithospermum virginianum L. Same as Onosmodium virginianum.
Liverleaf, heart-. See Hepatica acuta.
Liverleaf, kidney-. See Hepatica hepatica.
Liverleaf, round-lobed. See Hepatica hepatica.
Liverleaf, sharp-lobed. See Hepatica acuta.
Liver-lily. See Iris versicolor.
Liverwort. See Hepatica acuta and H. hepatica.
Lobelia. See Lobelia inflata.
Lobelia, blue. See Lobelia siphilitica.
Lobelia cardinalis L.
Bellflower family (Campanulaceae).
Cardinal-flower; red cardinal; red lobelia.
Native, perennial herb, 2 to 4 feet high, with showy scarlet flowers; in moist soil from British America south to Florida and Texas.
Part used.—Herb (nonofficial).
Lobelia, great. See Lobelia siphilitica.
Lobelia inflata L.
Bellflower family (Campanulaceae).
Lobelia; Indian tobacco; gagroot; vomitwort; bladderpod.
Native, annual, herbaceous plant, 1 to 3 feet high, poisonous; in dry soil, fields, old pastures, and along roadsides from Canada to Georgia, Nebraska, and Arkansas.
Parts used.—Leaves and tops, collected after a portion of the capsules have become inflated (official). The seeds are also used (nonofficial).
Lobelia, red. See Lobelia cardinalis.
Lobelia siphilitica L.
Bellflower family (Campanulaceae).
Blue cardinal-flower; great lobelia; blue lobelia; highbelia.
Native, perennial herb, about 1 to 3 feet high, growing in moist soil from Ontario to Georgia, west to Louisiana and the Dakotas.
Part used.—Herb (nonofficial).
Locust, black. See Robinia pseudacacia.
Locust, yellow. See Robinia pseudacacia.
Locust-plant. See Cassia marilandica.
Locust-tree. See Robinia pseudacacia.
Lycopodium. See Lycopodium clavatum.
Lycopodium clavatum L.
Club-moss family (Lycopodiaceae).
Lycopodium; club-moss; stag’s-horn.
Native perennial, with trailing stem, growing in dry situations in woods from Canada to North Carolina, Michigan, and Washington.
Part used.—Spores of this or of other species of Lycopodium (official).
Lycopus virginicus L.
Mint family (Menthaceae).
Bugleweed; sweet bugle; water-bugle; gypsy-weed; water-hoarhound.
Indigenous, perennial herb, 10 to 20 inches in height; in wet, shady places from Canada to Florida, Missouri, and Nebraska.
Part used.—Herb (nonofficial).
Madweed. See Scutellaria lateriflora.
Magnolia acuminata L.
Magnolia family (Magnoliaceae).
Cucumber-tree; mountain-magnolia; blue magnolia.
Native tree, 60 to 80 feet in height, occurring in the mountainous regions from New York to Georgia. More abundant in the Southern States.
Part used.—Bark (nonofficial).
Magnolia, blue. See Magnolia acuminata.
Magnolia glauca L. Same as Magnolia virginiana.
Magnolia, mountain-. See Magnolia acuminata.
Magnolia, sweet. See Magnolia virginiana.
Magnolia tripetala L.
Magnolia family (Magnoliaceae).
Synonym.—Magnolia umbrella Lam.
Cucumber-tree; umbrella-tree; elkwood.
A small native tree, not more than 40 feet high, growing in rather moist, rich soil; widely distributed in the Appalachian Mountain region, but nowhere very common.
Part used.—Bark (nonofficial).
Magnolia umbrella Lam. Same as Magnolia tripetala.
Magnolia virginiana L.
Magnolia family (Magnoliaceae).
Synonym.—Magnolia glauca L.
White bay; sweet bay; sweet magnolia; beaver-tree; swamp-sassafras; swamp-laurel.
A native tree, averaging about 25 feet in height, growing in swamps and morasses, Massachusetts to the Gulf of Mexico.
Part used.—Bark (nonofficial).
Maidenhair-fern. See Adiantum pedatum.
Male-fern. See Dryopteris filix-mas.
Mallow, common. See Malva sylvestris.
Mallow, dwarf. See Malva rotundifolia.
Mallow, high. See Malva sylvestris.
Mallow, low. See Malva rotundifolia.
Mallow, running. See Malva rotundifolia.
Malva rotundifolia L.
Mallow family (Malvaceae).
Low mallow; running mallow; cheeses; dwarf mallow.
Annual or biennial procumbent plant, naturalized from Europe, and widely distributed as a weed in waste places.
Parts used.—Leaves and flowers (nonofficial).
Malva sylvestris L.
Mallow family (Malvaceae).
High mallow; common mallow; cheeseflower.
Biennial herb, adventive from Europe; sparingly distributed in the United States and Canada, growing in waste places and along roadsides.
Part used.—Flowers (nonofficial).
Mandrake, American. See Podophyllum peltatum.
Mandrake, wild. See Podophyllum peltatum.
Man-of-the-earth. See Ipomoea pandurata.
Manroot. See Ipomoea pandurata.
Manzanita. See Arctostaphylos glauca.
Maple, red. See Acer rubrum.
Maple, swamp-. See Acer rubrum.
Maple, vine-. See Menispermum canadense.
Marrubium. See Marrubium vulgare.
Marrubium vulgare L.
Mint family (Menthaceae).
Marrubium; hoarhound.
Bushy, perennial herb, 1 to 3 feet high, naturalized from Europe, and growing in dry, sandy soil, in fields and waste places, from Maine southward to Texas and westward to California and Oregon.
Parts used.—Leaves and flowering tops (official).
Marsh-cudweed. See Gnaphalium uliginosum.
Marsh-gentian. See Gentiana villosa.
Marshmallow. See Althaea officinalis.
Marsh-rosemary. See Limonium carolinianum.
Marsh-trefoil. See Menyanthes trifoliata.
Maruta cotula DC. Same as Anthemis cotula.
Masterwort. See Angelica atropurpurea and Heracleum lanatum.
May-apple. See Podophyllum peltatum.
Mayflower. See Epigaea repens.
May-pops. See Passiflora incarnata.
Maythorn. See Crataegus oxyacantha.
Mayweed. See Anthemis cotula.
Meadow-clover. See Trifolium pratense.
Meadow-fern. See Comptonia peregrina.
Meadowpride. See Frasera carolinensis.
Meadow-scabish. See Aster puniceus.
Meadowsweet, pink. See Spiraea tomentosa.
Mealy-tree. See Viburnum dentatum.
Melilot, yellow. See Melilotus officinalis.
Melilotus officinalis (L.) Lam.
Pea family (Fabaceae).
Yellow melilot; yellow sweet clover.
Annual or biennial herb, 1 to 3 feet high, introduced from Europe, and occurring in waste places throughout the eastern United States.
Parts used.—Leaves and flowering tops (nonofficial).
Melissa. See Melissa officinalis.
Melissa officinalis L.
Mint family (Menthaceae).
Melissa; balm; lemon-balm; garden-balm; sweet balm.
Perennial herb, 10 to 20 inches high, naturalized from Europe, and growing in waste places, fields, and woods from Maine to Georgia.
Parts used.—Leaves and tops (official in U. S. P. 1890).
Menispermum. See Menispermum canadense.
Menispermum canadense L.
Moonseed family (Menispermaceae).
Menispermum; yellow parilla; Canada moonseed; Texas sarsaparilla; vine-maple.
Native, perennial, woody climber, found in woods along streams from Canada to Georgia and Arkansas.
Parts used.—Rhizome and roots (official in U. S. P. 1890).
Mentha piperita. See Mentha piperita L.
Mentha piperita L.
Mint family (Menthaceae).
Mentha piperita; peppermint.
Aromatic, perennial herb, 1 to 2 feet high, naturalized from Europe, and occurring in damp places from Nova Scotia to Minnesota, south to Florida and Tennessee. Cultivated principally in Michigan and New York.
Parts used.—Leaves and flowering tops, and the oil of peppermint distilled from these, are official.
Mentha spicata L.
Mint family (Menthaceae).
Synonym.—Mentha viridis L.
Mentha viridis; spearmint.
Aromatic, perennial herb, 1 to 2 feet high, naturalized from Europe, and growing in moist fields and waste places from Nova Scotia to Utah, south to Florida and Kansas. Also cultivated.
Parts used.—Leaves and flowering tops, and the oil of spearmint distilled from these, are official.
Mentha viridis. See Mentha spicata.
Mentha viridis L. Same as Mentha spicata.
Menyanthes trifoliata L.
Buck-bean family (Menyanthaceae).
Buck-bean; bog-bean; marsh-trefoil; water-shamrock.
Indigenous, perennial plant, about 1 foot in height, found in spongy, boggy soils and swamps from Canada and Alaska south to Pennsylvania, Minnesota, and California.
Parts used.—Rhizome and leaves (nonofficial).
Mezereon. See Daphne mezereum.
Mezereon, American. See Dirca palustris.
Mezereum. See Daphne mezereum.
Mezereum officinarum C. A. Mey. Same as Daphne mezereum.
Micromeria chamissonis (Benth.) Greene.
Mint family (Menthaceae).
Synonym.—Micromeria douglasii Benth.
Yerba buena.
A trailing, perennial herb, common in woods along the Pacific coast of the United States.
Part used.—Plant (nonofficial).
Micromeria douglasii Benth. Same as Micromeria chamissonis.
Milfoil. See Achillea millefolium.
Milk-ipecac. See Euphorbia corollata.
Milk-purslane. See Euphorbia nutans.
Milkweed, common. See Asclepias syriaca.
Milkweed, swamp-. See Asclepias incarnata.
Milkweed, trumpet-. See Lactuca canadensis.
Milkwort, Nuttall’s-. See Polygala nuttallii.
Mint, hairy mountain-. See Koellia pilosa.
Mint, mountain-. See Monarda didyma.
Mint, thin-leaved mountain-. See Koellia montana.
Mistletoe. See Phoradendron flavescens.
Mistletoe, American. See Phoradendron flavescens.
Mitchella repens L.
Madder family (Rubiaceae).
Squaw-vine; checkerberry; partridgeberry; deerberry; hive-vine; squawberry.
Small, creeping, evergreen herb, common in moist woods from Nova Scotia to Minnesota, south to Florida and Arkansas.
Part used.—Plant (nonofficial).
Miterwort, false. See Tiarella cordifolia.
Moccasin-flower, yellow. See Cypripedium hirsutum.
Mohawk-weed. See Uvularia perfoliata.
Monarda didyma L.
Mint family (Menthaceae).
Bee-balm; Oswego tea; mountain-mint; scarlet balm.
Native perennial, 2 to 3 feet high, growing in moist soil, especially along streams, from New Brunswick to Michigan and south to Georgia.
Part used.—Herb (nonofficial).
Monarda fistulosa L.
Mint family (Menthaceae).
Wild bergamot; horsemint.
Native perennial, 2 to 3 feet high, found on dry hills and in thickets from Ontario south to Florida and Louisiana.
Part used.—Herb (nonofficial).
Monarda punctata L.
Mint family (Menthaceae).
Horsemint.
Native, perennial herb, 2 to 3 feet high, found in dry, sandy fields from New York to Florida, west to Wisconsin and Texas.
Part used.—Herb (nonofficial).
Monotropa uniflora L.
Indian-pipe family (Monotropaceae).
Indian-pipe; fit-plant; fitroot; ghostflower; pipe-plant.
A curious plant, white in all its parts, growing in rich, moist woods from Canada to Florida, westward to Washington and California.
Part used.—Root (nonofficial).
Moonseed, Canada. See Menispermum canadense.
Moose-elm. See Ulmus fulva.
Moosewood. See Dirca palustris.
Mortification-root. See Althaea officinalis.
Moss, club-. See Lycopodium clavatum.
Moss, haircap-. See Polytrichum juniperinum.
Motherwort. See Leonurus cardiaca.
Mountain-ash, American. See Sorbus americana.
Mountain-balm. See Eriodictyon californicum.
Mountain-laurel. See Kalmia latifolia.
Mountain-magnolia. See Magnolia acuminata.
Mountain-mint. See Monarda didyma.
Mountain-mint, hairy. See Koellia pilosa.
Mountain-mint, thin-leaved. See Koellia montana.
Mountain-sumac. See Sorbus americana.
Mountain-tea. See Gaultheria procumbens.
Mouse-ear. See Gnaphalium uliginosum.
Mouthroot. See Coptis trifolia.
Mugwort, common. See Artemisia vulgaris.
Mullein. See Verbascum thapsus.
Musquash-root. See Cicuta maculata.
Mustard, black. See Brassica nigra.
Mustard, brown. See Brassica nigra.
Mustard, red. See Brassica nigra.
Mustard, white. See Sinapis alba.
Mustard, yellow. See Sinapis alba.
Myrica asplenifolia L. Same as Comptonia peregrina.
Myrica cerifera L.
Bayberry family (Myricaceae).
Bayberry; wax-myrtle; candleberry; waxberry.
Grows in sandy swamps or wet woods from Florida and Texas northward to Maryland. In the South it is a small evergreen tree, becoming in its northward range a tall, semi-deciduous shrub, or a dwarfed and deciduous shrub.
Parts used.—Bark of root, leaves, and berries (nonofficial).
Myrica gale L.
Bayberry family (Myricaceae).
Sweet gale; Dutch myrtle; bog-myrtle; golden osier.
Indigenous shrub, growing in swamps and along streams from Canada and Alaska to Virginia and Washington.
Parts used.—Leaves and buds (nonofficial).
Myrtle, bog-. See Myrica gale.
Myrtle, Dutch. See Myrica gale.
Myrtle, wax-. See Myrica cerifera.
Nabalus albus (L.) Hook.
Chicory family (Cichoriaceae).
Synonym.—Prenanthes alba L.
Lion’s-foot; rattlesnake-root; white lettuce; white canker-weed.
Native, perennial herb, 2 to 4 feet high, common in rich, moist woods from Canada to Georgia and Kentucky.
Part used.—Plant (nonofficial).
Nabalus serpentarius (Pursh) Hook.
Chicory family (Cichoriaceae).
Synonym.—Prenanthes serpentaria Pursh.
Lion’s-foot; canker-weed; white lettuce; rattlesnake-root; snake-gentian.
Native, perennial herb, about 2 feet high, growing in dry, sandy soil in fields and thickets from Ontario to Florida and Alabama.
Part used.—Plant (nonofficial).
Nannybush. See Viburnum lentago.
Necklace-weed. See Actaea alba and Onosmodium virginianum.
Nepeta cataria L.
Mint family (Menthaceae).
Catnip; catmint.
Common, perennial weed, 2 to 3 feet high, naturalized from Europe; found in waste places and cultivated land from Canada to Minnesota, south to Virginia and Arkansas.
Part used.—Herb (nonofficial).
Nepeta glechoma Benth. Same as Glecoma hederacea.
Netleaf-plantain. See Peramium pubescens.
Netleaf-plantain, smaller. See Peramium repens.
Nettle, bull-. See Solanum carolinense.
Nettle, great. See Urtica dioica.
Nettle, horse-. See Solanum carolinense.
Nettle, stinging. See Urtica dioica.
Niggerhead. See Brauneria angustifolia.
Nightshade, woody. See Solanum dulcamara.
Nuphar advena R. Br. Same as Nymphaea advena.
Nuttall’s-milkwort. See Polygala nuttallii.
Nymphaea advena Soland.
Water-lily family (Nymphaeaceae).
Synonym.—Nuphar advena R. Br.
Large yellow pond-lily; cow-lily; spatter-dock; beaverroot.
An aquatic plant, found in ponds and slow streams from Canada to Florida, and westward to the Rocky Mountains.
Part used.—Rhizome (nonofficial).
Nymphaea odorata Dryand. Same as Castalia odorata.
Nyssa aquatica L.
Dogwood family (Cornaceae).
Synonym.—Nyssa uniflora Wang.
Large tupelo; cotton-gum; tupelo gum.
A large, native tree, occurring in swamps from southern Virginia to Florida, west to Texas and Missouri.
Part used.—Root wood (nonofficial).
Nyssa capitata Walt. Same as Nyssa ogeche.
Nyssa ogeche Marsh.
Dogwood family (Cornaceae).
Synonym.—Nyssa capitata Walt.
Sour tupelo; Ogeechee lime.
A small tree, growing in swamps near the seacoast from southern South Carolina to Florida.
Part used.—Root wood (nonofficial).
Nyssa uniflora Wang. Same as Nyssa aquatica.
Oak, champion-. See Quercus rubra.
Oak, Jerusalem. See Chenopodium anthelminticum and C. botrys.
Oak, poison-. See Rhus radicans and R. toxicodendron.
Oak, red. See Quercus rubra.
Oak, Spanish. See Quercus rubra.
Oak, stone-. See Quercus alba.
Oak, white. See Quercus alba.
Oenothera biennis L.
Evening-primrose family (Onagraceae).
Synonym.—Onagra biennis (L.) Scop.
Evening-primrose; tree-primrose; night willow-herb.
Annual or biennial plant, 2 to 5 feet high, common in fields and waste places from Labrador to Florida, west to the Rocky Mountains. Native.
Part used.—Plant (nonofficial).
Old-man’s-beard. See Chionanthus virginica.
Olive, spurge-. See Daphne mezereum.
Onagra biennis (L.) Scop. Same as Oenothera biennis.
Onosmodium virginianum (L.) DC.
Borage family (Boraginaceae).
Synonym.—Lithospermum virginianum L.
Virginia false gromwell; gravel-weed; necklace-weed; pearl-plant; wild Job’s-tears.
Rough-hairy, native, perennial herb, 1 to 2 feet high; in dry, hilly grounds from the New England States to Florida, Kansas, and Texas.
Parts used.—Root and seeds (nonofficial).
Opium, wild. See Lactuca canadensis.
Orangeroot. See Hydrastis canadensis.
Orobanche virginiana L. Same as Leptamnium virginianum.
Osier, golden. See Myrica gale.
Osier, green. See Cornus circinata.
Osier, red. See Cornus amomum.
Osmorrhiza longistylis DC. Same as Washingtonia longistylis.
Osmunda regalis L.
Royal fern family (Osmundaceae).
Royal fern; buckhorn-brake.
A tall, native fern, with fronds 3 to 4 feet high, occurring in swamps and marshes from Canada to Florida and Mississippi.
Part used.—Rhizome (nonofficial).
Ostrya virginiana (Mill.) Willd.
Birch family (Betulaceae).
Hop-hornbeam; ironwood; deerwood; leverwood.
Native tree, 25 to 30 feet in height, growing in rich woods, Canada and eastern United States.
Part used.—Bark (nonofficial).
Oxalis acetosella L.
Wood-sorrel family (Oxalidaceae).
White wood-sorrel; shamrock; sour trefoil.
Small, native, perennial herb, found in cold, damp woods, Canada south to Michigan and North Carolina.
Part used.—Herb (nonofficial).
Oxeye daisy. See Chrysanthemum leucanthemum.
Oxydendrum arboreum (L.) DC.
Heath family (Ericaceae).
Synonym.—Andromeda arborea L.